Cadot, OlivierFernandes, Ana M.Gourdon, JulienMattoo, AadityaCadot, OlivierFernandes, Ana M.Gourdon, JulienMattoo, Aaditya2013-12-052013-12-052011978-1-907142-39-0https://hdl.handle.net/10986/16358Trade policy has changed fundamentally since the days of structural adjustment and economy-wide trade reforms. Partly in reaction to the uneven results of trade policy reforms, the focus has shifted to more targeted interventions aimed at reducing trade costs and addressing market failures that inhibit exports. Significant national resources and international assistance are now devoted to trade facilitation and export promotion, and the international development community has galvanized around a new 'aid-for-trade' (AfT) mantra as a means of helping low-income countries integrate into the global economy. The rest of this chapter is organized as follows: in section two the report discusses the changing nature of trade policy. In section three the report reviews the available evidence on the impact of trade assistance. In section four the report considers a detailed menu of trade-related interventions and discusses the challenges to their evaluation. In section five the report addresses the data issues crucial to impact evaluation. Finally, in section six the report look at the future challenges to doing Independent Evaluation (IE) in trade assistance.en-USCC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGOaggregate exportsagricultureapparelapplied tariffasymmetric informationaverage tariffsBank lendingbankruptcybarriers to tradebenchmarkingbilateral tradebilateral trade agreementsbudget constraintsbudgetary supportbusiness environmentcapacity buildingchoice of transportcomparative advantageconsumerscost effectivenessCustomscustoms brokerscustoms clearancecustoms officescustoms officialscustoms revenuedebtdeveloping countriesdevelopment assistancedevelopment policydiminishing returnseconometricseconomic activityEconomic developmenteconomic growthEconomic Policyeconomic rate of returneconomic researcheconomicseconomics researcheconomistsempirical evidenceenvironmentalenvironmentsexpendituresexport assistanceexport basketexport capacityexport certificationExport creditExport credit guaranteeExport credit insuranceexport financeexport growthexport incentivesexport marketsExport Performanceexport processingexport processing zonesexport promotionexport promotion agenciesexport supplyexport supportexport valueexport-processing zoneexportersExportsfactor endowmentsfinancial crisisfinancial incentivesfishingfixed costsforeign marketsforeign tradeforestryGDPGDP per capitagravity equationgross domestic productgrowth rateImpact of Tradeimport dutyimport quotasimportsincomeindustrial policiesindustrial policyinfrastructuresinspectioninterest rateinternational marketsinternational tradeless developed countriesLotteriesmarket accessmarket failuresmarket sharemarket sizemetalsnational treatmentnon-tariff barriersoiloil importsper capita incomeperverse incentivespositive effectspresent valueproducersproduct marketsquantitative restrictionsrailRailwayrailway networkrailwaysregional integrationregression analysisresource managementretail tradeRoadRoad networkroad transportRoadsroutesourcingspeedsstricter enforcementstructural adjustmentstructural changetariff barrierstariff datatariff revenuetaxtechnical assistancetourismTrade Assistancetrade barriersTrade Capacitytrade competitivenesstrade contextTrade coststrade developmenttrade facilitationtrade financetrade flowstrade integrationtrade logisticstrade policiestrade policytrade policy reformsTrade Promotiontrade protectiontrade reformstrade regimesTrade StrategyTrade volumestrade-related investmentTrafficTraffic volumestransitTransporttransport choiceTransport corridorsTransport Coststransport infrastructuretransportationtransportation coststrueundervaluationUruguay Roundvalue of exportsvolume of tradewagesWelfare effectsWTOWorld Bank10.1596/978-1-907142-39-0