Lesser Blumberg, RaeDewhurst, KaraSen, Soham G.2013-10-012013-10-012013-04https://hdl.handle.net/10986/15980This paper examines promising approaches from a wide array of literatures to improve gender-inclusive nutrition interventions in South Asia. It is the second of a series on gender and nutrition in South Asia. The first paper explored why gender matters for undernutrition in the region and conducted a mapping of regional nutrition initiatives to find that gender is too narrowly addressed in most programs if at all. Adequately addressing gender2 requires nutrition programs to focus not only on health services and information for the mother and her children, but also on her autonomy and the support she receives from her partner, other household members, and the broader community. This focus is especially important for adolescent mothers in the region, who have very low status. The present study drew from the conceptual framework of the previous paper and investigated four types of innovations in nutrition initiatives that address gender. These entail promoting: (1) women s household autonomy; (2) household support for the woman and her own and her children s nutrition; (3) community support for the woman and her own and her children s nutrition; and (4) help for adolescent girls. Though the ideal "gender-inclusive nutrition interventions" package (GINI for short) was never found, based on the findings of this review, it can be described. Indeed, it is quite consonant with this study s conceptual framework. The most effective programs would encompass the following "success factors": (a) ensure that the targeted women not only earn but control income (as in the HKI homestead garden projects in Bangladesh, Nepal and Cambodia); (b) get the powerful members of young married women s households - men and paternal grandmothers - on board by means of peer advocacy and community-oriented programs that (c) provide them with information on nutrition and women s child welfare-focused spending patterns, (d) as well as (small) incentives so they don t seize control of income or marketable food generated by those women. These programs also would (e) train forward-looking local women (including grandmothers) and men for volunteer roles (preferably with small incentives for sustainability). (f) They would provide BCC on nutrition and help increase support by community leaders, religious figures and members for young women s livelihoods as well as mother/child nutrition. (g) Finally, the ideal GINI would also target teen girls, offering them nutrition information, along with incentives to parents to keep them in school and programs for the girls to earn money. Positive examples encountered in the literature are presented below (along with some partial successes that need further refinement). If polished and scaled up, such programs could put a big dent in the "South Asian Enigma" and both the gender inequities and malnutrition that define it.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOABUSEADEQUATE NUTRITIONADOLESCENT GIRLSADOLESCENT MOTHERSADOLESCENTSAGE OF MARRIAGEAGEDAGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENTAGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGIESAGRICULTUREAIDALLOCATION OF RESOURCESANTENATAL CAREBABIESBABYBASIC NUTRITIONBEHAVIOR CHANGEBIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCESBREASTBREAST FEEDINGBREASTFEEDINGCHILD CARECHILD DEVELOPMENTCHILD HEALTHCHILD MALNUTRITIONCHILD NUTRITIONCHILD SURVIVALCHILD WELFARECHILDBEARINGCHILDBIRTHCHRONIC MALNUTRITIONCOMMUNITY HEALTHCONTROL OVER RESOURCESCROPSCYCLE OF POVERTYDECISION MAKINGDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT STRATEGIESDOMESTIC VIOLENCEDRINKING WATEREARLY CHILDHOODEARLY MARRIAGEECONOMIC EMPOWERMENTECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC OPPORTUNITYECONOMIC RESOURCESECONOMIC TRENDSECONOMICSEDUCATION PROGRAMSEDUCATION PROJECTSEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESEMPOWERMENT OF WOMENENHANCING WOMENETHNIC GROUPFAMILIESFAMILY INCOMEFAMILY MEMBERSFAMILY PLANNINGFARMERSFASHIONFATHERFATHERSFEEDFEMALEFEMALE LITERACYFEMALESFERTILITYFIRST BIRTHFIRST BIRTHSFIRST PREGNANCYFOOD PREPARATIONFOOD PRODUCTIONFOOD SECURITYFOOD STORAGEGENDERGENDER BIASGENDER DISCRIMINATIONGENDER EQUITYGENDER INEQUALITYGENDER INEQUITIESGENDER NORMSGENDER ROLESGIRLS IN SCHOOLHEALTH CAREHEALTH CARE PROVIDERSHEALTH CENTERSHEALTH EDUCATIONHEALTH FACILITIESHEALTH INTERVENTIONSHEALTH MINISTRIESHEALTH PROBLEMSHEALTH SERVICESHEALTH SYSTEMHEALTH WORKERSHEIGHT FOR AGEHOME VISITSHOSPITALHOSPITALSHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHOUSEHOLD SIZEHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN DEVELOPMENTHUNGERHUNGER PROJECTHUSBANDSHYGIENEILLNESSIMPACT ON CHILDRENINCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIESINCOMESINFANTINFANT MORTALITYINFORMATION CAMPAIGNSINTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR RESEARCH ON WOMENINTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTEINTERNATIONAL PROGRAMSINTERVENTIONJOB-SEEKERSKINSHIPLACK OF AWARENESSLAWSLEADERSHIPLEARNINGLEGAL STATUSLEVEL OF EDUCATIONLIVELIHOODSLOCAL COMMUNITIESLOCAL COMMUNITYLOCAL GOVERNMENTSLOW BIRTH WEIGHTMALE INVOLVEMENTMARRIAGE AGEMARRIED WOMENMATERNAL DEATHSMATERNAL MORTALITYMATERNAL MORTALITY RATESMATERNAL NUTRITIONMEDICINEMENTAL HEALTHMINISTRY OF HEALTHMOTHERMOTHERHOODNATIONAL COUNCILNATIONAL LEVELNEWBORNNGOSNUMBER OF CHILDRENNUTRITIONNUTRITION EDUCATIONNUTRITION INFORMATIONNUTRITION PROGRAMSNUTRITIONAL NEEDSNUTRITIONAL STATUSOLDER WOMENOPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMENORPHANSPHYSICAL HEALTHPILOT PROJECTSPOLICY IMPLICATIONSPOLICY RESEARCHPOOR NUTRITIONPREGNANCIESPREGNANCYPREGNANT WOMANPREGNANT WOMENPRENATAL CAREPRIMARY HEALTH CAREPROGRESSQUALITY EDUCATIONRADIOREADINGREFUGEEREGULAR SCHOOL ATTENDANCERELIGIOUS LEADERSRESOURCE ALLOCATIONRESPECTRURAL AREASRURAL WOMENSANITATIONSANITATION FACILITIESSCHOOL ATTENDANCESCHOOL HEALTHSCHOOL-AGE CHILDRENSCHOOLINGSCHOOLSSELF ESTEEMSELF-CONFIDENCESELF-ESTEEMSEXSKILLS TRAININGSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTSOCIAL DIMENSIONSSOCIAL NETWORKSSOCIAL NORMSSOCIAL SCIENCESPECIALISTSSTATUS OF WOMENTECHNICAL ASSISTANCETEENTEEN GIRLSTEENAGERSTEENSTRADITIONAL BIRTH ATTENDANTTRADITIONAL HEALERSVICTIMSVIOLENCE AGAINST WOMENWOMANWORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATIONYOUNG CHILDRENYOUNG COUPLESYOUNG MOTHERSYOUNG WOMENWorld Bank10.1596/15980