Banjo, GeorgeGordon, HenryRiverson, John2014-04-152014-04-152012-11https://hdl.handle.net/10986/17807Poverty reduction is a long-standing development objective of many developing countries and their aid donors, including the World Bank. To achieve this goal, these countries and organizations have sought to improve smallholder agricultural productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) as part of a broader rural development agenda aimed at providing a minimal basket of goods and services in rural areas to satisfy basic human needs. These goods and services include not only food, health care, and education, but also infrastructure. As a result, rural transport remains a constraint to increasing agricultural productivity, achieving rural growth, and thus alleviating rural poverty. The first major finding of the review of rural transport theory and practice is that many of the approaches needed to improve the impact of rural transport interventions on poverty reduction are known, particularly from the work of the Rural Travel and Transport Program (RTTP) of Sub-Saharan Africa Transport Policy Program (SSATP). Unfortunately, many of the recommended approaches remain untested within Sub-Saharan Africa beyond the pilot scale, notwithstanding their influence on rural transport policy and project design in other operational regions of the Bank. For SSA, these are missed opportunities. Even where SSA countries have applied these approaches, institutional and financial sustainability and scaling up local successes remain significant challenges for both their agriculture and transport sectors. The second key finding is that rural households are rarely the point of focus in the design of rural transport interventions in SSA, even though a methodology to allow this focus has been developed and successfully tested in several pilot projects since the 1980s, the result is that the transport needs of rural households continue to be analyzed and understood by means of an indirect assessment of those needs, which means that most projects have a less than desirable impact on improving the rural access and mobility situation of such households.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS ROADSACCESSIBILITYAGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIESAGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENTAGRICULTURAL FRONTIERAGRICULTURAL GROWTHAGRICULTURAL INNOVATIONAGRICULTURAL PRACTICESAGRICULTURAL PRODUCEAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITYAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTSAGRICULTURAL SECTORAGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGIESAGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGYAID DONORSBETTER ACCESS TO MARKETSCAPACITY BUILDINGCASH CROPSCLIMATE CHANGECOMMERCIAL CROPSCONSUMPTION SMOOTHINGCOSTS OF TRANSPORTDIMENSIONS OF POVERTYDIVERSIFICATIONDRIVINGDROUGHTECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIES OF SCALEEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESFARM GROWTHFARM HOUSEHOLDSFARM INCOMEFARM INCOMESFARM PRODUCTIONFARM PRODUCTIVITYFARM SECTORFARMERFARMERSFARMING SYSTEMSFOOD CROPSFOOD IMPORTSFOOD INSECURITYFOOD MARKETSFOOD POLICYFOOD PRICEFOOD PRODUCTIONFOOD SECURITYHIGH TRANSPORTHIGHWAYSHOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURESHOUSEHOLD SIZEHOUSEHOLD SURVEYHOUSEHOLD SURVEYSHOUSEHOLD TRAVELHOUSEHOLD WELFAREHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN DEVELOPMENTIMPACT OF TRANSPORTIMPACT ON POVERTYINCOME FROM EDUCATIONINCOME GROWTHINCOME POVERTYINCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIESINEQUALITYINFANT MORTALITYINFANT MORTALITY RATEINFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENTINFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTINFRASTRUCTURE PLANNINGINSURANCEINVESTMENT IN ROADSIRRIGATIONLIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENTLOCAL TRANSPORTMEANS OF TRANSPORTMOBILITYNATIONAL POVERTYNATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENTNONFARM INCOMENUTRITIONO&MPOLITICAL INFLUENCEPOOR COUNTRIESPOOR HOUSEHOLDSPOOR PEOPLEPOPULATION DENSITIESPOPULATION DENSITYPOPULATION GROWTHPOVERTY ALLEVIATIONPOVERTY FOCUSPOVERTY INCIDENCEPOVERTY LEVELSPOVERTY POVERTYPOVERTY RATESPOVERTY REDUCTIONPOVERTY REDUCTION EFFORTSPOVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIESPOVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGYPOVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY PAPERPOVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY PAPERSPUBLIC EXPENDITURE PROGRAMSPUBLIC SAFETYPUBLIC SAFETY NETSPUBLIC WORKSREGIONAL INTEGRATIONREGIONAL ORGANIZATIONSRESETTLEMENTRISK MANAGEMENTROADROAD IMPROVEMENTSROAD INFRASTRUCTUREROAD MAINTENANCEROAD NETWORKROAD SECTORROAD TRANSPORTROADSROUTESRURALRURAL ACCESSRURAL AREASRURAL COMMUNITIESRURAL COMMUNITYRURAL CONCERNSRURAL DEVELOPMENTRURAL DISPARITIESRURAL DWELLERSRURAL ECONOMYRURAL FARMRURAL GROWTHRURAL HOUSEHOLDRURAL HOUSEHOLD INCOMERURAL HOUSEHOLDSRURAL INCOMERURAL INCOMESRURAL INEQUALITIESRURAL INFRASTRUCTURERURAL INFRASTRUCTURE PORTFOLIORURAL INSTITUTIONSRURAL INVESTMENTRURAL ISSUESRURAL LABORRURAL LABOR MARKETRURAL LIVELIHOODSRURAL PEOPLERURAL POORRURAL POVERTYRURAL POVERTY REDUCTIONRURAL PROJECTSRURAL PUBLICRURAL ROADRURAL ROADSRURAL SECTORRURAL SERVICERURAL SERVICE DELIVERYRURAL SETTINGSRURAL STRATEGYRURAL TRANSPORTRURAL TRANSPORT ACTIVITIESRURAL TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURERURAL TRAVELSAFETYSANITATIONSMALL FARMERSSMALL-SCALE AGRICULTURESMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURESMALLHOLDER FARMERSSMALLHOLDER FARMSSOCIAL SAFETY NETSSPATIAL CONSIDERATIONSSTRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENTSUBSISTENCESUBSISTENCE FARMERSTECHNICAL ASSISTANCETRAFFICTRANSACTION COSTSTRANSPORT ACTIVITIESTRANSPORT ACTIVITYTRANSPORT COSTSTRANSPORT DEMANDTRANSPORT IMPROVEMENTTRANSPORT IMPROVEMENTSTRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURETRANSPORT INVESTMENTSTRANSPORT NETWORKTRANSPORT PLANNINGTRANSPORT POLICIESTRANSPORT POLICYTRANSPORT POLICY DEVELOPMENTTRANSPORT PROJECTSTRANSPORT RESEARCHTRANSPORT SECTORTRANSPORT SERVICETRANSPORT SERVICESTRANSPORT STRATEGIESTRANSPORT STRATEGYTRANSPORT SYSTEMTRANSPORT SYSTEM EFFICIENCYTRANSPORT SYSTEMSTRANSPORT TECHNOLOGIESTRANSPORTATIONTRANSPORTATION ENGINEERINGTRANSPORTSTRAVEL DEMANDTRAVELERSVEHICLES10.1596/17807