World Bank2013-10-022013-10-022013-06-05https://hdl.handle.net/10986/16029This report provides estimates of social and financial costs of environmental damage in India from three pollution damage categories: (i) urban air pollution, including particulate matter and lead; (ii) inadequate water supply, poor sanitation, and hygiene; (iii) indoor air pollution; and four natural resource damage categories: (a) agricultural damage from soil salinity, water logging, and soil erosion; (b) rangeland degradation; (c) deforestation; and (d) natural disasters. The estimates are based on a combination of Indian data from secondary sources and on the transfer of unit costs of pollution from a range of national and international studies. The quantification and monetary valuation of environmental damage involves many scientific disciplines including environmental, physical, and biological and health sciences, epidemiology, and environmental economics. Estimates of the costs of degradation are generally reported as a percent of conventional gross domestic product (GDP). This provides a useful estimate of the importance of environmental damages but it should not be interpreted that GDP will increase by a given percent if the degradation were to be reduced to zero. Any measures to reduce environmental degradation will have a cost and the additional cost goes up the greater is the reduction that is made. Hence a program to remove all degradation can well result in a lower GDP. This report provides a measure of the overall damage relative to a benchmark, in which all damages related to economic activity are eliminated. The report is structured as follows: section one provides a summary of estimated social and financial costs of environmental damage; section two focuses on urban air pollution; section three deals with water supply, sanitation, and hygiene; section four focuses on indoor air pollution; section five focuses on land degradation, crop production, and rangeland degradation; and section six deals with forest degradation.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOABATEMENTACCURATE INFORMATIONACTION PLANAGRICULTUREANECDOTAL EVIDENCEBEARBIO-DIVERSITYBIODIVERSITYBIODIVERSITY CONSERVATIONBIODIVERSITY LOSSBIODIVERSITY PROSPECTINGBIOLOGICAL SYSTEMSBIOLOGICALLY DIVERSE ECOSYSTEMSBIOMASSBIOSPHEREBIOSPHERE RESERVEBLOOD PRESSURECANCERCARBONCARBON DIOXIDECARBON SEQUESTRATIONCARBON SINKCATTLECLEAN AIRCLIMATECLIMATE CHANGECOASTCOASTAL PROTECTIONCOASTAL WATERSCOASTAL WETLANDSCOMMERCIAL FISHINGCONSERVATION MONITORINGCONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITYCONSERVATION OF NATURECONSUMPTION PATTERNSCONTINGENT VALUATIONCORALCORAL COVERCORAL MININGCORAL REEFCORAL REEFSCROPSDEFORESTATIONDEMAND FOR ECOSYSTEM SERVICESDIMINISHING RETURNSDIMINISHING RETURNS TO SCALEDRY MATTERECOLOGICAL ECONOMICSECOLOGYECONOMIC ANALYSISECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC VALUATIONECONOMIC VALUESECOSYSTEMECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENTECOSYSTEM DEGRADATIONECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONINGECOSYSTEM LEVELECOSYSTEM SERVICEECOSYSTEM SERVICESECOSYSTEMSENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL AGENCYENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTENVIRONMENTAL CHANGEENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATIONENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICSENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMISTENVIRONMENTAL HEALTHENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCESENVIRONMENTAL SERVICESFLOOD CONTROLFLOOD PROTECTIONFOREST AREAFOREST AREASFOREST CARBONFOREST CARBON SEQUESTRATIONFOREST CARBON STOCKSFOREST COVERFOREST ECOSYSTEMFOREST MANAGEMENTFOREST POLICYFOREST RESOURCESFOREST SERVICEFORESTRYFORESTSFRESH WATERGENETICGLOBAL BIODIVERSITYGLOBAL ECOSYSTEMGLOBAL FORESTGLOBAL FOREST ASSESSMENTGLOBAL FOREST RESOURCESGLOBAL FOREST RESOURCES ASSESSMENTGLOBAL_BIODIVERSITYGRASSLANDGRASSLAND ECOSYSTEMGRASSLANDSGREEN ACCOUNTINGGREENHOUSE GASESHABITATHEDONIC PRICINGHUMAN ACTIVITIESHUMAN EXPLOITATIONHUNTINGINDIRECT USEISSUESLAKESLAND ECONOMICSLAND USELAND USESLOSS OF BIODIVERSITYLOSS OF BIOMASSLOSS OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICESLOSS OF FORESTSMANGROVE ECOSYSTEMMANGROVE SYSTEMSMANGROVESMARGINAL COSTSMARKET PRICESNATURAL CONDITIONSNATURAL RESOURCESNATURENON-USE VALUESPOLLUTION CONTROLPRESENT VALUEPROTECTIONPURCHASING POWERROADSSAMPLE SIZESEDIMENTATIONSHORESOCIAL COSTSSOCIALLY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTSOIL CONSERVATIONSOIL EROSIONSPECIESSPECIES ABUNDANCESURFACE WATERSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTTEMPERATE FORESTTHEORETICAL MODELSTIMBERTIMBER FORESTTOURISMTOURISM ACTIVITIESTREETROPICAL FORESTURBAN LANDUSE VALUEVALUE OF BIODIVERSITYVALUE OF WETLANDVEGETATIONWATER POLLUTIONWETLANDWETLAND AREAWETLAND AREASWETLAND VALUEWILDLIFEWILDLIFE CONSERVATIONWILLINGNESS TO PAYWTPWorld Bank10.1596/16029