Gajate-Garrido, Gissele2014-02-042014-02-042013-10https://hdl.handle.net/10986/16880Why is the urban-rural gap in child malnutrition increasing in Peru despite government efforts to improve the provision of public services? To answer this question, the impact of regional public expenditure in Peru on young children's nutritional outcomes is examined. To account for policy endogeneity, public expenditures are instrumented using unanticipated regional mining revenues. Even after accounting for changes in expenditure composition due to increases in mining revenues, public spending has a significant and positive impact on children's outcomes only in urban areas. However, even in urban areas, barriers exist that diminish the effectiveness of public expenditure, so indigenous and frailer children in these areas do not benefit from public spending. These children face constraints that limit their ability to use public services. This result reveals the paramount importance of initial conditions. In rural areas, possibly because of the lower quantity and quality of public services, there is no positive effect for any children.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOABSENTEEISMACCESS TO HEALTH CAREACCESS TO HEALTH FACILITIESACCESS TO MARKETSACCOUNTINGACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONSAGEDAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITYANDEAN REGIONANNUAL REPORTSBUDGET CONSTRAINTSBUDGETARY EXPENDITURECAPACITY BUILDINGCAPITAL INVESTMENTCENTRAL GOVERNMENTCHILD DEVELOPMENTCHILD NUTRITIONCHRONIC ILLNESSCHRONIC MALNUTRITIONCITIESCOMPOSITION OF EXPENDITURESDEBTDIETSDIFFERENT REGIONDISADVANTAGED GROUPSDRINKING WATERECONOMIC ANALYSISEFFECTIVENESS OF PUBLIC SPENDINGEXPENDITURE CATEGORIESEXPENDITURE DATAEXPENDITURES ON HEALTHFAMILY PLANNINGFEASIBILITY STUDIESFOOD AVAILABILITYFOOD POLICYFOOD SUPPLYGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONSGLOBAL POVERTYGOVERNMENT EXPENDITUREGOVERNMENT SPENDINGHEALTH CAREHEALTH CENTERSHEALTH EXPENDITURESHEALTH OUTCOMESHEALTH POLICYHEALTH PROBLEMSHEALTH PROMOTIONHEALTH SERVICESHEALTH SPENDINGHEALTH WORKERSHOUSEHOLD SIZEHOUSEHOLD WELFAREHOUSINGHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN CAPITAL FORMATIONIMMUNIZATIONINADEQUATE HEALTHINCIDENCE OF PUBLIC SPENDINGINFECTIOUS DISEASESINFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTSINTERVENTIONIRONLEVEL OF PUBLIC SPENDINGLIVING CONDITIONSLOCAL GOVERNMENTSMALNUTRITIONMARGINAL EFFECTSMEDICAL PROFESSIONALSMEDICINESMIGRATIONNATIONAL ACCOUNTSNET INCOMENURSESNUTRITIONNUTRITION OUTCOMESNUTRITIONAL STATUSOPPORTUNITY COSTPER CAPITA INCOMEPHYSICIANSPOLITICAL REGIONPOLLUTIONPOOR AREASPOOR BENEFITPOOR COUNTRIESPOOR HOUSEHOLDSPOOR PEOPLEPOORER GROUPSPOVERTY ALLEVIATIONPOVERTY LEVELSPOVERTY LINEPRIMARY SCHOOLSPRIVATE GOODSPRIVATE SECTORPRODUCTION FUNCTIONPROGRAMSPROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTSPUBLICPUBLIC ASSETSPUBLIC BUDGETPUBLIC ECONOMICSPUBLIC EXPENDITUREPUBLIC EXPENDITURESPUBLIC FUNDSPUBLIC GOODSPUBLIC HEALTHPUBLIC INTERVENTIONPUBLIC INVESTMENTPUBLIC POLICYPUBLIC PROGRAMSPUBLIC PROVIDERSPUBLIC SECTORPUBLIC SERVICEPUBLIC SERVICESPUBLIC SPENDINGQUALITY OF SERVICESREGIONAL CHARACTERISTICSREGIONAL DISTRIBUTIONREGIONAL GOVERNMENTREGIONAL GOVERNMENTSREGIONAL INCOMEREGIONAL LEVELREGIONAL MIGRATIONREGIONAL PARTICIPATIONREGIONAL PUBLIC EXPENDITUREREGIONAL SPENDINGROADSRURAL AREASRURAL DIVIDERURAL GAPRURAL POPULATIONSANITATIONSOCIAL PROGRAMSSOCIAL SERVICESTOTAL EXPENDITURETOTAL PUBLIC EXPENDITURETOTAL PUBLIC SPENDINGTOTAL SPENDINGURBAN AREASWATER POLLUTIONWORKERSWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-6666