World Bank2012-03-192012-03-192009-05-29https://hdl.handle.net/10986/3072According to Government, Ghana is facing many challenges in the area of skill development and job creation. The Government is particularly concerned with: (i) unemployment among the youth (6.1 percent in 2005 for 15-24 years old), which has been attributable to the rapid population growth rate of the youth, the rapid urbanization rate, the quality of labor supply, and low labor absorption rate of the economy; and (ii) the external efficiency of the education training system and its ability to supply the skills demanded by a diversified and competitive economy. Moreover, other related concerns include: channeling economic growth toward creating jobs, including 'good jobs'; better understanding the functioning of the informal sector; explaining the mismatch between skills development and jobs; improving labor market indicators; monitoring and evaluating employment programs' outcomes; reviewing the role of labor market regulations in job creation; and reforming technical vocational education and training (TVET) systems. The key objective of Ghana's development policy is to accelerate economic growth and put the creation of new and better jobs at the center of the Government agenda. In this context, and complementing the recent Country Economic Memorandum (CEM) and earlier Bank's work on youth employment, this report addresses labor market challenges that Ghana is facing, particularly as it strives for middle income status by 2015. This report: (a) briefly reviews the determinants of labor demand; (b) analyzes labor market outcomes based on recent survey data; (c) reviews the role of labor policies, institutions and programs; and (d) examines education and skills development policies and their links to labor market outcomes.CC BY 3.0 IGOACCOUNTINGACTIVE LABORACTIVE LABOR MARKETACTIVE LABOR MARKET PROGRAMSADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORTAGE GROUPANNUAL EARNINGSAVERAGE EARNINGSAVERAGE GROWTHBENEFICIARIESBENEFICIARYBRAIN DRAINBUDGETINGBUSINESS CLIMATECALCULATIONCOBB-DOUGLAS PRODUCTION FUNCTIONCOLLECTIVE AGREEMENTSCOLLECTIVE BARGAININGCOMMODITYCONSUMERCONSUMER PRICE INDEXCONTRIBUTIONCOST OF LABORCRAFTSMENCREATING JOBSCURRICULUMDEPRECIATIONDISMISSALDIVERSIFICATIONDOMESTIC CONSUMPTIONDOMESTIC MARKETDRIVERSEARNINGEARNINGSECONOMIC ACTIVITYECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTEDUCATION PROGRAMSEMPLOYABILITYEMPLOYEEEMPLOYMENTEMPLOYMENT AGENCIESEMPLOYMENT GENERATIONEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESEMPLOYMENT POLICIESEMPLOYMENT POLICYEMPLOYMENT PROGRAMEMPLOYMENT PROGRAMSEMPLOYMENT RATEEMPLOYMENT RATESEMPLOYMENT SITUATIONEMPLOYMENT STATUSFINANCIAL SERVICESFIRING COSTSFIRM PERFORMANCEFIRM SIZEFIRM SURVEYFISCAL MANAGEMENTFORMAL EDUCATIONFORMAL SECTOR WAGEFORMAL SECTOR WORKERSGROSS WAGEHOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTIONHOUSEHOLD SURVEYSHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN RESOURCEINCOMEINCOME SUPPORTINCOME SUPPORT PROGRAMSINCOMESINDUSTRIAL RELATIONSINFLATIONINFORMAL ECONOMYINFORMAL EMPLOYMENTINFORMAL SECTORINITIAL CAPITALINSURANCEINTERNATIONAL MIGRATIONINVESTINGINVESTMENT CLIMATEJOB CREATIONJOB SEEKERSJOBSLABOR ABSORPTIONLABOR COSTLABOR COSTSLABOR DEMANDLABOR FORCELABOR FORCE GROWTHLABOR FORCE PARTICIPATIONLABOR LAWLABOR LAWSLABOR MARKETLABOR MARKET ARRANGEMENTLABOR MARKET INDICATORSLABOR MARKET INSTITUTIONSLABOR MARKET NEEDSLABOR MARKET OUTCOMESLABOR MARKET POLICIESLABOR MARKET POLICYLABOR MARKET REGULATIONLABOR MARKET REGULATIONSLABOR MARKETSLABOR POLICIESLABOR PRODUCTIVITYLABOR REALLOCATIONLABOR REGULATIONLABOR REGULATIONSLABOR SUPPLYLABOR UNIONSLARGE FIRMSLITERACYLOW INCOMELOW-INCOMELOWER INCOMEMACROECONOMIC PERFORMANCEMACROECONOMIC STABILITYMANPOWERMARKET PARTICIPANTSMARKET TRENDSMINIMUM WAGEMINIMUM WAGESNATIONAL UNEMPLOYMENTNATIONAL UNEMPLOYMENT RATENEW JOBNEW JOBSNON-WAGE COSTSOCCUPATIONOLDER WORKERSPAYING JOBSPENSIONPENSION REFORMPENSION REFORMSPENSION SCHEMESPENSION SYSTEMPOVERTY ALLEVIATIONPRELIMINARY RESULTSPRIMARY EDUCATIONPRIMARY SOURCEPRIVATE EMPLOYMENTPRIVATE INVESTMENTPRIVATE SECTORPRIVATE SECTOR WAGEPRIVATE TRAININGPRIVATE TRAINING INSTITUTIONSPRODUCT MARKETSPRODUCTIVE WORKPRODUCTIVITY GAINSPUBLIC EXPENDITUREPUBLIC INVESTMENTPUBLIC SECTOR JOBSPUBLIC SECTOR WORKERSPUBLIC WORKPUBLIC WORK SCHEMESRAPID POPULATION GROWTHRE-EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMSREAL ESTATERESPONSIBILITIESRURAL POVERTYSAFETY NETSAFETY NETSSALARIED WORKERSSALARYSECONDARY EDUCATIONSECONDARY SCHOOLSECONDARY SCHOOLSSELF-EMPLOYMENTSENIORSERVICE SECTORSKILLED LABORSKILLED WORKFORCESKILLS DEVELOPMENTSOCIAL PROTECTIONSOCIAL SECURITYSOCIAL SECURITY CONTRIBUTIONSSOCIAL WELFARESTAKEHOLDERSTECHNICAL SKILLSTEMPORARY EMPLOYMENTTEMPORARY JOBSTEMPORARY WORKERSTERMINATIONTOTAL EMPLOYMENTTOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITYTOTAL LABOR FORCETOTAL WAGETRADE UNIONTRAINING CENTERSTRAINING PROGRAMSTRAINING SYSTEMUNEMPLOYEDUNEMPLOYED WORKERSUNEMPLOYMENTUNEMPLOYMENT RATEUNEMPLOYMENT RATESUNION MEMBERSHIPUNION WAGE PREMIUMUNREALISTIC EXPECTATIONSUNSKILLED LABORUNSKILLED WORKERSURBAN EMPLOYMENTURBAN POPULATIONVALUABLEVOCATIONAL EDUCATIONVOCATIONAL TRAININGWAGE BILLWAGE EMPLOYMENTWAGE GAINSWAGE GAPWAGE NEGOTIATIONSWAGE POLICIESWAGE POLICYWAGE PREMIUMWAGE RATESWORK FORCEWORKERWORKERSWORKING AGEWORKING AGE POPULATIONWORKING LIVESYOUNG PEOPLEYOUTH EMPLOYMENTWorld Bank10.1596/3072