Dasgupta, BasabSkoufias, EmmanuelNarayan, AmbarKaiser, Kai2014-03-182014-03-182014-02https://hdl.handle.net/10986/17326This paper takes advantage of the exogenous phasing of direct elections in districts and applies the double-difference estimator to measure impacts on (i) human development outcomes and (ii) the pattern of public spending and revenue generation at the district level. The analysis reveals that four years after the switch to direct elections, there have been no significant effects on human development outcomes. However, the estimates of the impact of Pilkada on health expenditures at the district level suggest that directly elected district officials may have become more responsive to local needs at least in the area of health. The composition of district expenditures changes considerably during the year and sometimes the year before the elections, shifting toward expenditure categories that allow incumbent district heads running as candidates in the direct elections to "buy" voter support. Electoral reforms did not lead to higher revenue generation from own sources and had no effect on the budget surplus of districts with directly elected heads.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCOUNTABILITY MECHANISMSALLOCATION OF RESOURCESBANK POLICYBLOCK GRANTSBUDGET ALLOCATIONBUDGET DATABUDGET DEFICITBUDGET SURPLUSBUSINESS CYCLEBUSINESS CYCLESCANDIDATESCASH RESERVESCASH TRANSFERCATEGORIES OF EXPENDITURECENTRAL AUTHORITIESCENTRAL GOVERNMENTCENTRAL TRANSFERSCHECKSCITIZEN NEEDSCIVIL SERVANTSCIVIL SERVICECOMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVECONSTITUENCIESCONSTITUTIONAL REFORMCONSUMER PRICE INDEXDECENTRALIZATIONDEMOCRACIESDEMOCRATIC ACCOUNTABILITYDEMOCRATIC TRANSITIONDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPING COUNTRYDISTRIBUTION OF PUBLIC SPENDINGDISTRICTDISTRICT BUDGETDISTRICT GOVERNMENTDISTRICT GOVERNMENTSDISTRICT GOVERNORDISTRICT HEALTHDISTRICT LEVELDISTRICT LEVELSDISTRICT OFFICIALSDISTRICT REVENUESDISTRICT-LEVELDISTRICTSE-MAILECONOMIC CLASSIFICATIONECONOMIC POLICYEFFICIENT ALLOCATIONEFFICIENT ALLOCATION OF RESOURCESELECTIONELECTION DATAELECTION TIMEELECTIONSELECTORAL INFORMATIONELECTORATEEQUIPMENTEXPENDITUREEXPENDITURE CATEGORIESEXPENDITURE DATAEXPENDITURE PATTERNSEXPENDITURESEXPENDITURES PER CAPITAFAIR ELECTIONSFINANCIAL INFORMATIONFINANCIAL INFORMATION SYSTEMFISCAL BALANCEFISCAL CAPACITYFISCAL DECENTRALIZATIONFISCAL EXPENDITUREFISCAL FEDERALISMFISCAL OUTCOMESFISCAL POLICYFISCAL SYSTEMFISCAL VARIABLESGOVERNMENT EXPENDITURESGOVERNMENT FINANCINGGOVERNMENT STRUCTURESGOVERNORGOVERNORSHEALTH EXPENDITURESHEALTH INSURANCEHEALTH SPENDINGHOLDINGHUMAN DEVELOPMENTIMMUNIZATIONINTEREST PAYMENTSINTERGOVERNMENTAL FISCAL RELATIONSINTERNATIONAL BANKLAWSLEGAL OBLIGATIONLEGISLATORSLOCAL ELECTIONSLOCAL EXPENDITURESLOCAL FINANCELOCAL GOVERNMENTLOCAL GOVERNMENT SPENDINGLOCAL GOVERNMENTSLOCAL TAXESMAYORMAYORSMETROPOLITAN AREAMINISTRY OF FINANCEMISTRUSTMUNICIPALITIESMUNICIPALITYNATIONAL INTERESTSNATIONAL POLITICAL INSTITUTIONSNATIONAL STATISTICSNATURAL DISASTERSNATURAL RESOURCESOBJECTIVE OF POVERTY REDUCTIONOIL PRICESOUTCOME MEASURESPARLIAMENTPARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACYPARLIAMENTSPARTY DISCIPLINEPATTERN OF PUBLIC SPENDINGPOLICY CHANGESPOLICY CHOICESPOLICY OUTCOMESPOLICY REFORMSPOLITICAL ACCOUNTABILITYPOLITICAL AUTONOMYPOLITICAL DECENTRALIZATIONPOLITICAL ECONOMYPOLITICAL INSTITUTIONSPOLITICAL PARTIESPOLITICAL PARTYPOLITICAL POWERSPOLITICAL REFORMPOLITICAL SYSTEMSPOLITICIANSPOVERTY RATEPOVERTY REDUCTIONPRICE INDEXPROGRAM IMPLEMENTATIONPROGRAM OUTCOMESPROGRAMSPROVINCEPROVINCESPROVINCIAL CAPITALPUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONPUBLIC ECONOMICSPUBLIC EXPENDITUREPUBLIC EXPENDITURE REVIEWPUBLIC FINANCEPUBLIC GOODPUBLIC GOODSPUBLIC HOUSINGPUBLIC INVESTMENTPUBLIC POLICYPUBLIC REVENUEPUBLIC SECTORPUBLIC SERVICESPUBLIC SPENDINGPUBLIC WORKSQUALITY OF SERVICESREGIONAL GOVERNMENTSREPRESENTATIVESREVENUE BASEREVENUE MOBILIZATIONREVENUE PER CAPITAREVENUE SHARINGSANITARY FACILITIESSANITATIONSEPARATION OF POWERSSERVICE DELIVERYSERVICE PROVIDERSSIZE OF GOVERNMENTSOCIAL ASSISTANCESOCIAL PROTECTIONSUB-NATIONALSUB-NATIONAL EXPENDITURESSUB-NATIONAL GOVERNMENTSTAXTAX SHARINGTAXATIONTOTAL EXPENDITURESVILLAGEVILLAGES10.1596/1813-9450-6782