Anas, AlexTimilsina, Govinda R.2012-03-192012-03-192009-10-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/4291This study examines impacts on net social benefits or economic welfare of alternative policy instruments for reducing traffic congestion and atmospheric emissions in São Paulo, Brazil. The study shows that expanding road networks, subsidizing public transit, and improving automobile fuel economy may not be as effective as suggested by economic theories because these policies could cause significant rebound effects. Although pricing instruments such as congestion tolls and fuel taxes would certainly reduce congestion and emissions, the optimal level of these instruments would steeply increase the monetary cost of travel per trip and are therefore politically difficult to implement. However, a noticeable finding is that even smaller tolls, which are more likely to be politically acceptable, have substantial benefits in terms of reducing congestion and emissions. Among the various policy instruments examined in the study, the most socially preferable policy option for São Paulo would be to introduce a mix of congestion toll and fuel taxes on automobiles and use the revenues to improve public transit systems.CC BY 3.0 IGOAGGREGATE EMISSIONSAGGREGATESAIRANTI-SPRAWLATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONSAUTO TRAVELAUTO TRIPSAUTOMOBILEAUTOMOBILE FUELAUTOMOBILESAVERAGE TRAVEL TIMEAVERAGE TRIP LENGTHBICYCLESBICYCLINGBUSBUS TRAVELBUS TRIPSBUSESCALCULATIONCALIBRATIONCARCAR FUELCAR MODESCAR ON AVERAGECAR TRAVELCAR TRIPSCAR USERSCARBONCARBON EMISSIONSCLEAN ENERGYCLIMATECLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATIONCO2COMBUSTIONCOMMUTERSCOMMUTINGCONGESTIONCONGESTION CHARGINGCONGESTION CHARGING SCHEMECONGESTION DELAYCONGESTION EXTERNALITIESCONGESTION MITIGATIONCONGESTION PRICINGCONGESTION TOLLSCONVERGENCECOST OF FUELCOST OF TRAVELCOST PER TRIPCROSS ELASTICITYCYCLISTSDEMAND ELASTICITIESDEMAND FOR CAR OWNERSHIPDEMAND FOR TRAVELDIESELDIESEL COMBUSTIONDIVERGENCEDRIVINGECONOMIC WELFAREECONOMIES OF SCALEEFFECT OF CONGESTIONELASTICITIESELASTICITIES OF DEMANDELASTICITYELASTICITY OF CAR DEMANDELECTRIC CARSEMISSIONEMISSION REDUCTIONEMISSION REDUCTION POTENTIALEMISSION REDUCTIONSEMISSIONSENERGY DATAENERGY USEENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIESEQUATIONSEXCESS FUEL CONSUMPTIONEXCISE TAXEXTREME VALUESFINANCIAL SUPPORTFUELFUEL CONSUMPTIONFUEL COSTFUEL COSTSFUEL ECONOMYFUEL ECONOMY OF CARSFUEL EFFICIENCYFUEL EXTERNALITIESFUEL PRICEFUEL TAXFUEL TAX RATESFUEL TAXESFUEL USEGASGAS CONSUMPTIONGASOHOLGASOLINEGASOLINE CONSUMPTIONHIGH SPEEDSHIGHWAYHIGHWAY CAPACITYHIGHWAY IMPROVEMENTSHIGHWAY INVESTMENTHIGHWAY NETWORKHIGHWAYSIMPACT OF CONGESTIONINCOMEJOBSLAND USELOCAL AIR QUALITYLONGER DISTANCESLOWER EMISSIONSMARGINAL UTILITYMOBILITYMODAL SHARESMODES OF TRAVELMONETARY COSTMONETARY COSTSMOTORIZED TRANSPORTNITROGENNITROGEN OXIDESOZONEOZONE PRECURSORSPARTICULATEPARTICULATE MATTERPASSENGERPOLLUTIONPRESENT VALUEPRICE OF GASOLINEPRIVATE VEHICLEPUBLIC ROADSPUBLIC TRANSITPUBLIC TRANSIT SYSTEMSPUBLIC TRANSPORTRAILRAIL MASS TRANSITRAIL TRANSITRAIL TRANSIT SYSTEMSRAPID INCREASE IN CAR OWNERSHIPRATE OF SUBSTITUTIONRENEWABLE ENERGYREVENUE NEUTRALROADROAD CAPACITYROAD CAPACITY EXPANSIONROAD CONGESTIONROAD EXPANSIONROAD IMPROVEMENTSROAD INVESTMENTROAD NETWORKSROUND TRIPSPEEDSSPRAWLSPRAWL POLICIESSPREADINGSUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTTAXTAX REVENUETAX REVENUESTOLLTOTAL EMISSIONSTRAFFICTRAFFIC CONGESTIONTRAFFIC EXTERNALITIESTRAFFIC SPEEDTRANSIT CAPACITYTRANSIT FARESTRANSIT IMPROVEMENTTRANSIT IMPROVEMENTSTRANSIT RIDERSTRANSIT TRAVELTRANSIT TRIPTRANSIT TRIPSTRANSIT USERSTRANSPORTTRANSPORT EXTERNALITIESTRANSPORT SECTORTRANSPORTATION RESEARCHTRAVEL BY CARTRAVEL SPEEDTRAVEL TIMETRAVEL TIMESTRAVELERSTRIPTRIP BY CARTRIP DISTANCETRIP TIMETRIPSTRIPS BY CARTRIPS BY MODETRIPS PER DAYTRUCKSTUNNELSURBAN AREASURBAN PLANNINGURBAN TRANSPORTATIONUTILITY FUNCTIONVALUE OF TIMEVEHICLE EFFICIENCYVEHICLE EMISSIONSVEHICLE KILOMETERSVEHICLE OCCUPANCIESVEHICLE SPEEDVEHICLE TRAFFICVEHICLE-KILOMETERSVEHICLESVOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDSWALKERSWALKINGWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-5099