Schafer, Andreas2013-01-032013-01-032012-10https://hdl.handle.net/10986/12085Transportation is vital to economic and social development, but at the same time generates undesired consequences on local, regional, and global scales. One of the largest challenges is the mitigation of energy-related carbon dioxide emissions, to which this sector already contributes one-quarter globally and one-third in the United States. Technology measures are the prerequisite for drastically mitigating energy use and all emission species, but they are not sufficient. The resulting need for complementing technology measures with behavioral change policies contrasts sharply with the analyses carried out by virtually all energy / economy / environment (E3) models, given their focus on pure technology-based solutions. This paper addresses the challenges for E3 models to simulate behavioral changes in transportation. A survey of 13 major models concludes that especially hybrid energy models would already be capable of simulating some behavioral change policies, most notably the imposition of the full marginal societal costs of transportation. Another survey of major macroscopic transportation models finds that key specifications required for simulating behavioral change have already been implemented and tested, albeit not necessarily on a global scale. When integrating these key features into E3 models, a wide range of technology and behavioral change policies could be analyzed.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCESSIBILITYAIRAIR POLLUTIONAIR POLLUTION IMPACTSAIR QUALITYAIR TRAFFICAIR TRAVELAIRCRAFTALTERNATIVE FUELSALTERNATIVE MODESALTERNATIVE TRANSPORTATIONALTERNATIVE TRANSPORTATION MODESALTERNATIVES TO AUTOMOBILE TRAVELAUTO TRAVELAUTOMOBILEAUTOMOBILE TRAVELAUTOMOBILE USEAUTOMOBILESAVERAGE SPEEDSBUSBUS TRAVELBUSESCARCAR DEPENDENCECARBONCARBON DIOXIDECARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONSCARBON TAXCHOICE OF TRANSPORTATIONCLIMATE CHANGECOMMUTERSCOST OF TRAVELCOSTS OF TRANSPORTATIONCRASHESDAILY TRAVELDAILY TRAVEL DISTANCEDEMAND FOR MOBILITYDEMAND FOR TRANSPORTATIONDIESELDRIVINGECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC GROWTHELECTRIC VEHICLESEMISSIONEMISSION REDUCTIONEMISSION REDUCTION POTENTIALEMISSION STANDARDSEMISSIONS TARGETSENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIESENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTSENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETSEXTERNAL COSTSEXTERNALITIESFLIGHT TIMEFREIGHTFREIGHT TRANSPORTFREIGHT VEHICLESFUELFUEL COSTSFUEL EFFICIENCYFUEL EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTSFUEL PRICEFUEL PRICE ELASTICITIESFUEL TAXFUEL TAXESFUEL USEFUEL-EFFICIENT VEHICLESGASOLINEGASOLINE COSTSGREENHOUSE EFFECTGREENHOUSE GASGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONSHIGH-SPEED RAILHOUSEHOLD TRAVELHOUSEHOLD VEHICLESINFRASTRUCTURE CAPACITYINFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTINFRASTRUCTURE POLICIESINFRASTRUCTURESINSPECTIONINTERCITY TRAVELINTERNATIONAL TRANSPORTLABOR FORCELAND-USE PLANNINGLIGHT RAILLOCAL AIR POLLUTIONLOCOMOTIVELONG-DISTANCEMARGINAL COSTSMARINE TRANSPORTMOBILITYMODAL SPLITMODE SHIFTMODE SHIFTSMODES OF TRANSPORTMODES OF TRAVELMOTOR VEHICLEMOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTSMOTORWAYSNOISEOILOZONE LAYERPASSENGER TRANSPORTPASSENGER TRAVELPERSONAL TRANSPORTATIONPOPULATION DENSITIESPOPULATION DENSITYPOPULATION GROWTHPRICE CHANGESPRICE ELASTICITIESPRICE ELASTICITYPRIVATE VEHICLESPRODUCTION FUNCTIONSPUBLIC ROADPUBLIC TRANSITPUBLIC TRANSIT SYSTEMSPUBLIC TRANSPORTPUBLIC TRANSPORT MODESPUBLIC TRANSPORTATIONQUALITY OF TRANSPORTATIONRAIL SYSTEMSRAILWAYRAILWAYSRAPID TRANSITRAPID TRANSIT SYSTEMSROADROAD CAPACITYROAD CONGESTIONROAD INFRASTRUCTUREROAD PRICINGROAD TRANSPORTROAD USERROAD USER CHARGESROAD VEHICLESROADSSAFETYSERVICE RELIABILITYSPEEDSSTREETCAR LINESSTREETCARSSUBURBSSURFACE TRANSPORTSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTSUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTTECHNOLOGICAL CHANGETRAFFICTRAFFIC ACCIDENTSTRAFFIC CONGESTIONTRAFFIC DEATHSTRAFFIC DELAYTRAFFIC DELAYSTRAFFIC VOLUMETRANSPORTTRANSPORT COSTSTRANSPORT DEMANDTRANSPORT MODETRANSPORT MODESTRANSPORT POLICYTRANSPORT SECTORTRANSPORTATIONTRANSPORTATION ACTIVITIESTRANSPORTATION ACTIVITYTRANSPORTATION ALTERNATIVESTRANSPORTATION CAPACITYTRANSPORTATION COSTSTRANSPORTATION DECISIONSTRANSPORTATION DEMANDTRANSPORTATION ECONOMICSTRANSPORTATION FUELTRANSPORTATION IMPACTSTRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURETRANSPORTATION INVESTMENTSTRANSPORTATION MARKETTRANSPORTATION OPTIONSTRANSPORTATION RESEARCHTRANSPORTATION SERVICESTRANSPORTATION STATISTICSTRANSPORTATION SYSTEMTRANSPORTATION SYSTEMSTRAVEL ALTERNATIVESTRAVEL BEHAVIORTRAVEL COSTSTRAVEL DEMANDTRAVEL DEMAND GROWTHTRAVEL PATTERNSTRAVEL SPEEDTRAVEL SPEEDSTRAVEL TIMETRAVEL TIME BUDGETTRAVELERSTRIPTRIP MAKINGTRIP RATETRIPSTRUCK TRAFFICTRUCKSURBAN AIR POLLUTIONURBAN BUSURBAN MOBILITYURBAN MOBILITY REPORTURBAN ROADSURBAN SPRAWLURBAN TRANSPORTATIONURBAN TRAVELVEHICLE COSTSVEHICLE EMISSIONVEHICLE EMISSIONSVEHICLE FLEETVEHICLE FUELVEHICLE FUEL CONSUMPTIONVEHICLE MILESVEHICLE OCCUPANCYVEHICLE PURCHASE PRICESVEHICLE SIZEVEHICLE SPEEDVEHICLE SPEEDSVEHICLE TRAFFICWATER POLLUTIONWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-6234