World Bank2013-11-132013-11-132013-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/16253Former Yugoslav Republic (FYR) of Macedonia has closed several gaps in gender inequalities, particularly in education and health, but key disparities persist in access to economic opportunities and agency, particularly among certain ethnic groups. This report provides an overview of gender disparities in several outcomes related to human and physical endowments, access to economic opportunities, and agency. In addition, it offers potential explanations of these gaps and, in the process, identifies knowledge gaps to be addressed in future research. On average, FYR Macedonia has achieved gender equality in health and in education; however, gender disparities persist for certain population subgroups. However, women are more likely than men to choose general programs or social sciences as their primary field of education. Both men and women are unlikely to undertake additional training following their initial education, but each for different reasons: women are more likely than men to cite family obligations as a key factor in this decision (19 percent of women compared to 1.5 percent of men) as women devote a much larger percentage of their time to domestic activities. In addition, only a limited number of children enroll in pre-school. Female labor force participation is low, particularly among women who have received only a primary education or less. Although female-managed businesses are as productive as male-managed businesses, few women are entrepreneurs. Women's participation in collective actions is limited, and gender stereotypes remain pervasive. Looking forward, further efforts to increase women's access to economic opportunities in FYR Macedonia are needed. Policies aimed at fostering the competitiveness of the private sector for job creation is a key for addressing the high unemployment rates faced by both men and women. In the case of FYR Macedonia, policies can also increase female labor force participation by affecting the potential wages or the reservation wages of less skilled women.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOABORTIONABORTION RATEACCESS TO CREDITACCESS TO EDUCATIONACCESS TO FINANCEACCESS TO NETWORKSACCESS TO SAVINGSADOLESCENT FERTILITYAGING WOMENASSET ACCUMULATIONASSISTANCE TO VICTIMSBANKSBEATINGBIRTHSBRIBESBUSINESS PLANSCAPACITY BUILDINGCHILD REARINGCHILDBIRTHCONTRACEPTIONCONTRACEPTIVE METHODSCONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCECULTURAL NORMSDEMAND FOR CONTRACEPTIONDEVELOPMENT CENTERDISABLEDDISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMENDOMESTIC VIOLENCEEARLY MARRIAGEEARNINGSECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC EMPOWERMENTECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF WOMENECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIESECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMENECONOMIC OPPORTUNITYEDUCATED WOMENEDUCATION FUNDEDUCATION LEVELEDUCATION LEVELSEDUCATION SYSTEMEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTELDERLYEMPLOYEEEMPLOYEREMPLOYERSENDOWMENTSENROLLMENTENROLLMENTSENTREPRENEURENTREPRENEURSHIP TRAININGEQUAL OPPORTUNITIESETHNIC GROUPETHNIC GROUPSETHNIC MINORITIESFAMILIESFAMILY FORMATIONFAMILY LAWFAMILY OBLIGATIONSFAMILY PLANNINGFAMILY RELATIONSFEMALE BUSINESSESFEMALE EMPLOYEESFEMALE EMPLOYMENTFEMALE ENTREPRENEURSFEMALE ENTREPRENEURSHIPFEMALE INTENSITYFEMALE LABORFEMALE LABOR FORCEFEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATIONFEMALE VICTIMSFEMALE WORKERSFERTILITY RATESFEWER WOMENFINANCIAL SUPPORTFIRST CHILDFOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONSFORM OF CREDITFORMS OF DISCRIMINATIONFORMS OF VIOLENCEFORMS OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMENGENDERGENDER ASSESSMENTGENDER ASSESSMENTSGENDER BUDGETINGGENDER DIFFERENCESGENDER DIMENSIONGENDER DISPARITIESGENDER DISTRIBUTIONGENDER EQUALITYGENDER GAPGENDER GAP IN ACCESSGENDER GAPSGENDER INEQUALITIESGENDER ISSUESGENDER PARITYGENDER PERSPECTIVEGENDER PERSPECTIVESGENDER ROLESGENDER STEREOTYPESGIRLSGROSS ENROLLMENT RATIOHEALTH INSURANCEHOUSEHOLD BUDGETHOUSEHOLD CHORESHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHOUSEHOLD RESPONSIBILITIESHOUSEHOLDSHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN HEALTHHUMAN RESOURCESHUMAN RIGHTSHUMAN RIGHTS OF WOMENHUSBANDIMPORTANCE OF EDUCATIONINSTITUTIONAL CAPACITIESINSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMSJOB CREATIONJOB SECURITYLABOR FORCELABOR FORCE PARTICIPATIONLABOR MARKETLACK OF CAPITALLEVELS OF EDUCATIONLIFE EXPECTANCYLIVE BIRTHSLOANLONGER LIFELOW FERTILITYMARITAL STATUSMARRIED WOMENMATERNAL MORTALITYMATERNAL MORTALITY RATEMATERNITY LEAVEMINIMUM AGE FOR MARRIAGEMINIMUM WAGEMINISTRY OF EDUCATIONMOTHERNUMBER OF CHILDRENNUMBER OF WOMENNUMBER OF WORKERSOLDER MENOLDER WOMENOPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMENOWNERSHIP OF LANDPARENTAL LEAVEPARLIAMENTARY SEATSPARLIAMENTARY UNIONPARTICIPATION OF WOMENPENSION FUNDPLAN FOR GENDER EQUALITYPOLICE FORCEPOLICY IMPLICATIONSPOLITICAL PARTICIPATIONPOLITICAL PARTIESPOOR WOMENPOPULATION SUBGROUPSPREGNANCYPREGNANT WOMENPRENATAL CAREPRIMARY EDUCATIONPRIMARY SCHOOLPRODUCTIVITYREPRODUCTIVE AGERESPECTRETENTION RATEROLE OF WOMENRURAL AREASSAVINGSSCHOLARSHIPSCHOOL STUDENTSSCHOOL YEARSECONDARY EDUCATIONSECONDARY SCHOOLSELF-EMPLOYMENTSERVICE PROVIDERSSHADOW REPORTSKILLED WOMENSMALL BUSINESSSOCIAL EXPECTATIONSSOCIAL NORMSSOCIAL PRESSURESOCIAL SCIENCESSOCIAL SECTORSSOURCE OF CREDITSPOUSESPOUSESSTART-UPTECHNICAL SUPPORTTERTIARY EDUCATIONTRADE UNIONTRADE UNION MEMBERSTRAINING CENTERSTRAINING OPPORTUNITIESTRANSPORTATIONUNEDUCATED WOMENUNEMPLOYED WOMENUNEMPLOYMENTUNEMPLOYMENT RATESUNICEFUNIONUNIVERSITY EDUCATIONUNMET DEMANDUNSKILLED WORKERSURBAN AREASUSAIDUSE OF CONTRACEPTIONVIOLENCE AGAINST WOMENVOCATIONAL TRAININGWAGE GAPWDRWIDOWSWOMANWOMEN MANAGERSWOMEN WITH CHILDRENWOMEN WITH REGARDWORK SCHEDULESWORKING-AGE POPULATIONYOUNG MENYOUNG WOMENWorld Bank10.1596/16253