World Bank2013-03-142013-03-142009-09https://hdl.handle.net/10986/12718The Sub-Saharan Africa Refinery Study evaluates the effects of improved fuel specifications on refiningoperations and air quality in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The improved fuel specifications would reduce the levels of certain pollutants in fuels, in turn reducing human exposure to these pollutants in ambient air. The health study estimates the health impacts and associated monetary benefits associated with the proposed improvements in fuel quality. The estimated monetary benefits will be compared to the costs to the refining industry associated with a change in fuel specifications, by region, as presented in Volume II,the Refinery Studyen-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACIDADVANCED ENGINEAEROSOLSAGINGAIRAIR CONCENTRATIONSAIR POLLUTANTAIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONSAIR POLLUTANTSAIR POLLUTIONAIR POLLUTION ABATEMENTAIR POLLUTION PROBLEMSAIR QUALITY MANAGEMENTAIR QUALITY MODELINGAIR QUALITY MONITORINGALTITUDEAMBIENT AIRAMBIENT AIR QUALITYAMBIENT CONCENTRATIONSAMBIENT OZONEATMOSPHEREATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRYAUTOMOBILESBENZENEBENZENE CONTENTBENZENE EMISSIONSBENZENE LEVELSBIOMASSBOILERSBUSBUSESCALCULATIONCARBONCARBON COMPOUNDSCARBON DIOXIDECARBON MONOXIDECARSCATALYSTSCH4CHEMICAL REACTIONSCHRONIC BRONCHITISCLEAN AIRCLEAN FUELSCLIMATECLOUD COVERCOCO2COALCOMBUSTIONCOMMERCIAL VEHICLESDECISION MAKINGDIESELDIESEL EMISSIONSDIESEL ENGINESDIESEL FUELDIESEL FUEL SPECIFICATIONSDIESEL VEHICLESDOMESTIC EMISSIONSDRAINAGEDRIVINGDUSTELASTICITYEMISSIONEMISSION CONTROLEMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGYEMISSION DATAEMISSION FACTOREMISSION FACTORSEMISSION INSPECTIONEMISSION INVENTORYEMISSION LEVELSEMISSION LIMITSEMISSION RATEEMISSION RATESEMISSION REDUCTIONEMISSION SCENARIOSEMISSION STANDARDSEMISSION TESTEMISSION TESTINGEMISSIONSEMISSIONS CONTROLEMISSIONS DATAEMISSIONS ESTIMATESEMISSIONS FACTORSEMISSIONS FROM ROADEMISSIONS FROM ROAD TRANSPORTEMISSIONS INVENTORIESEMISSIONS OF POLLUTANTSEMISSIONS RESULTSENERGY EFFICIENCYENERGY PRODUCTIONENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITSENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCYEPIDEMIOLOGYEVAPORATIVE EMISSIONSEXHAUST GASEXPOSURE-RESPONSE FUNCTIONSFINE PARTICLESFOOD PREPARATIONFRICTION VELOCITYFUELFUEL CONSUMPTIONFUEL ECONOMYFUEL INJECTIONFUEL OILFUEL QUALITYFUEL SPECIFICATIONSFUEL TYPEFUEL TYPESFUEL USEFUELSFUGITIVE EMISSIONSGAS RECIRCULATIONGAS STATIONSGASOLINEGASOLINE SULFURGASOLINE SULFUR CONTENTGASOLINE VEHICLESGHGGHGSGREENHOUSEGREENHOUSE EFFECTGREENHOUSE GASGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONSGREENHOUSE GASESHEALTH EFFECTSHEALTH OUTCOMESHFCSHOUSEHOLD ENERGYHUMIDITYINDUSTRIAL EMISSIONSINDUSTRIAL POLLUTIONINSPECTIONLAND USELEVELS OF EMISSIONSLOCAL AIR QUALITYMETALSMETEOROLOGICAL DATAMETEOROLOGYMETHANEMIXING HEIGHTMODE OF TRANSPORTATIONMODES OF TRANSPORTMORBIDITYMORTALITYMOTOR VEHICLEMOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFICMOTOR VEHICLESMOTORCYCLE ENGINESMOTORCYCLE TRAVELMOTORCYCLE USEMOTORCYCLESN2ONEEDS ASSESSMENTNITRATENITRATESNITROGENNITROGEN DIOXIDENITROGEN OXIDESNITROUS OXIDENO2NOXO3OXIDATION CATALYSTOXIDES OF SULFUROZONEOZONE CONCENTRATIONPARTICLESPARTICULATEPARTICULATE MATTERPARTICULATESPASSENGER VEHICLESPERFLUOROCARBONSPETROLPFCSPM10POLLUTANT EMISSIONPOLLUTANT EMISSIONSPOLLUTION CONTROLPOLLUTION EMISSIONPOLLUTION IMPACTSPOLLUTION PROBLEMSPOPULATION DENSITYPOWER PLANTSPPPRIVATE VEHICLESPUBLIC HEALTHPUBLIC TRANSPORTPUBLIC TRANSPORT VEHICLESQUALITY OF LIFEQUANTITATIVE ANALYSISRADIATIONRAINFALLREFINERYROAD NETWORKROAD TRAFFICROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTSROAD VEHICLESROADSROADWAYROUTESSANITATIONSCREENINGSF6SMOKERSSO2SOOTSOXSULFATESULFATESSULFURSULFUR DIOXIDESULPHURSURFACE OZONESUSPENDED DUSTTAILPIPE EMISSIONSTAILPIPE EMISSIONS REDUCTIONSTAXISTEMPERATURETIRESTOTAL EMISSIONSTOWNSTRAFFIC POLLUTIONTRANSITTRANSPORT AUTHORITYTRANSPORTATIONTRANSPORTATION ACTIVITYTRUCKSTRUEUNEPURBAN AREASURBAN TRANSPORTVEHICLEVEHICLE EMISSIONVEHICLE EMISSION CONTROLVEHICLE EMISSION STANDARDSVEHICLE EMISSIONSVEHICLE FLEETVEHICLE KILOMETERSVEHICLE TRAFFICVEHICLE TRAVELVEHICLE TYPESVEHICLE-KILOMETERSVENTILATIONVOCVOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDSWASTEWINDWIND SPEEDWorld Bank10.1596/12718