World Bank2012-03-192012-03-192009-05-29https://hdl.handle.net/10986/3073According to Government, Ghana is facing many challenges in the area of skill development and job creation. The Government is particularly concerned with: (i) unemployment among the youth (6.1 percent in 2005 for 15-24 years old), which has been attributable to the rapid population growth rate of the youth, the rapid urbanization rate, the quality of labor supply, and low labor absorption rate of the economy; and (ii) the external efficiency of the education training system and its ability to supply the skills demanded by a diversified and competitive economy. Moreover, other related concerns include: channeling economic growth toward creating jobs, including 'good jobs'; better understanding the functioning of the informal sector; explaining the mismatch between skills development and jobs; improving labor market indicators; monitoring and evaluating employment programs' outcomes; reviewing the role of labor market regulations in job creation; and reforming technical vocational education and training (TVET) systems. The key objective of Ghana's development policy is to accelerate economic growth and put the creation of new and better jobs at the center of the Government agenda. In this context, and complementing the recent Country Economic Memorandum (CEM) and earlier Bank's work on youth employment, this report addresses labor market challenges that Ghana is facing, particularly as it strives for middle income status by 2015. This report: (a) briefly reviews the determinants of labor demand; (b) analyzes labor market outcomes based on recent survey data; (c) reviews the role of labor policies, institutions and programs; and (d) examines education and skills development policies and their links to labor market outcomes.CC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO PRIMARY EDUCATIONACCOUNTINGADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORTADULT LITERACYBASIC EDUCATIONBASIC SERVICESBENEFICIARIESBENEFICIARYBRAIN DRAINCAPITAL EXPENDITURECLASSROOMCOGNITIVE SKILLSCOMPARATIVE EDUCATIONCONTRIBUTIONCURRICULUMDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDIRECT INVESTMENTEARNINGSECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTEDUCATED MIGRANTSEDUCATED PARENTSEDUCATION ATTAINMENTEDUCATION ECONOMICSEDUCATION EXPENDITUREEDUCATION INVESTMENTEDUCATION POLICYEDUCATION REFORMEDUCATION SECTOREDUCATION SYSTEMEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTEDUCATIONAL PLANNINGELDERLYENROLLMENT RATEENROLMENTSFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTFOREIGN INVESTMENTFORMAL EDUCATIONFORMS OF EDUCATIONGLOBAL POVERTYGOALS FOR EDUCATIONGROSS ENROLMENTGROSS ENROLMENT RATESHIGH SCHOOLHIGH SCHOOL LEVELHIGHER LEVELS OF EDUCATIONHOUSEHOLD SURVEYSHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN DEVELOPMENTIMPACT OF EDUCATIONINCOMEINCOMESINFANTINTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATIONINTERNATIONAL MIGRANTSINTERNATIONAL MIGRATIONINVESTINGINVESTMENT CLIMATEINVESTMENT CLIMATE ASSESSMENTINVESTMENT IN EDUCATIONJOB CREATIONJOB TRAININGJUNIOR SECONDARYJUNIOR SECONDARY EDUCATIONJUNIOR SECONDARY LEVELJUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLKIDSLABOR FORCELABOR MARKETLARGE FIRMLARGE FIRMSLEVEL OF EDUCATIONLITERACYLITERACY PROGRAMLITERACY PROGRAMSLIVING STANDARDSLOW LEVELS OF EDUCATIONLOW-INCOMELOW-INCOME COUNTRIESLOWER LEVELS OF EDUCATIONLOWER SECONDARY EDUCATIONMIDDLE SCHOOLMIGRANTMILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALSMINIMUM WAGEMINISTRY OF EDUCATIONNATIONAL EDUCATIONNATIONAL LEVELNET ENROLMENTNET ENROLMENT RATENET ENROLMENT RATESNON-FORMAL TRAININGNURSENURSESOCCUPATIONSOUTCOMES OF EDUCATIONPENSIONPENSION REFORMSPOLICY IMPLICATIONSPOVERTY REDUCTIONPRIMARY EDUCATIONPROBABILITYPRODUCTIVITYPROGRESSQUESTIONNAIRERATES OF RETURNREADERSREASONINGRETURNS TO EDUCATIONRURAL AREASSCHOOL ENROLLMENTSCHOOL QUALITYSCHOOLINGSECONDARY EDUCATIONSECONDARY SCHOOLSECONDARY SCHOOLSSELF-EMPLOYMENTSENIORSENIOR SECONDARY LEVELSENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLINGSENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLSSERVICE TRAININGSEXSHORT-TERM TRAININGSKILL ACQUISITIONSKILLS ACQUISITIONSKILLS DEVELOPMENTSKILLS TRAININGSOCIAL PROTECTIONSOCIAL RESEARCHSOCIAL WELFARETEACHERTEACHERSTEACHINGTERTIARY EDUCATIONTRADE UNIONTRAINING ACTIVITIESTRAINING CENTERSTRAINING CENTRETRAINING INSTITUTESTYPES OF EDUCATIONUNEMPLOYEDUNIONSURBAN AREASURBAN CENTERSURBAN POPULATIONVALUABLEVOCATIONAL EDUCATIONVOCATIONAL TRAININGWAGE GAPWAGESWORK EXPERIENCEWORKFORCEWORKING POPULATIONYOUNG MENYOUNG PEOPLEYOUTHYOUTH EMPLOYMENTWorld Bank10.1596/3073