World Bank2012-06-272012-06-272006-08https://hdl.handle.net/10986/9302The objective of this study is to contribute to a better understanding of the extent and nature of poverty in urban areas in transition countries in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, providing particular attention to the disparities within urban areas between capital cities and secondary cities, and focusing on dimensions of poverty related to provision of network infrastructure and energy services in cities. Household surveys carried out in 1998-2003 in 20 countries provided the data for the study. The study found substantial differences in urban areas between the capital and secondary cities, with households in secondary cities being worse off. In addition, secondary cities often had poverty indicators equivalent to, or worse than, those of rural areas, including in terms of access and quality (reliability) of infrastructure. The study confirmed that many households, especially in secondary cities, are "infrastructure-poor" because of unreliable and deteriorated services and that these households are hidden in studies that do not examine actual quality. Finally, the study found that income and infrastructure inequality are generally higher in urban areas, although inequality in secondary cities often was greater than that in the capitals.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOABSOLUTE POVERTYACCESS TO HOUSINGADEQUATE SHELTERAVERAGE COMMUTING TIMEBASIC INFRASTRUCTUREBIG CITIESBUSBUS STOPCAPITAL CITIESCAPITAL CITYCARCAR OWNERSHIPCENSUSESCITIES IN TRANSITIONCITIES IN TRANSITION ECONOMIESCITYCITY BOUNDARIESCITY CENTERCITY LEVELCOMMUNAL SERVICESCONFLICTDIMENSION OF POVERTYDIMENSIONS OF POVERTYDISTRICT HEATINGECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIESELECTRICITY CONNECTIONELECTRICITY CONNECTIONSENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONSENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITYEXTERNALITIESFOOD CONSUMPTIONFUELSGLOBAL PARTNERSHIPHEALTH PROBLEMSHOME OWNERSHIPHOUSEHOLD BUDGETHOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURESHOUSEHOLD HEADHOUSEHOLD HEADSHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHOUSEHOLD SURVEYHOUSEHOLD SURVEYSHOUSEHOLD WELFAREHOUSING AFFORDABILITYHUMAN CAPITALINCIDENCE OF POVERTYINCOME POVERTYINDUSTRIALIZATIONINEQUALITYINFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIESLABOR FORCELABOR MARKETLARGE FAMILIESLARGE NUMBER OF PEOPLELEVEL OF POVERTYLIVING CONDITIONSLIVING STANDARDLIVING STANDARDSLOCAL AUTHORITIESLOW INCOMEMARKET ECONOMYMAYORSMIGRATIONMILLENNIUM DECLARATIONMILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALSMOBILITY RATESNATIONAL POPULATIONNATIONAL POVERTYNATURAL GASNEIGHBORHOODSNUMBER OF PEOPLEPOLICY MAKERSPOLICY RESEARCHPOLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPERPOORPOOR HOUSEHOLDPOOR SANITATIONPOTABLE WATERPOVERTY ANALYSISPOVERTY ASSESSMENTSPOVERTY ESTIMATESPOVERTY IN CITIESPOVERTY INDICATORSPOVERTY LEVELSPOVERTY LINEPOVERTY LINESPOVERTY RATEPOVERTY RATESPOVERTY REDUCTIONPOVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIESPROGRESSPUBLIC SERVICESPUBLIC TRANSPORTPUBLIC TRANSPORTATIONQUALITY CONTROLQUALITY OF LIFEREFUGEESRENTAL HOUSINGRESIDENTIAL DENSITYRESIDENTIAL MOBILITYRESIDENTSRUNNING WATERRURALRURAL AREASRURAL AVERAGESRURAL DIFFERENCESRURAL HOUSEHOLDRURAL HOUSEHOLDSRURAL MIGRATIONRURAL POVERTYRURAL RESIDENTSSAFE DRINKING WATERSAFETYSAFETY NETSANITATIONSECONDARY CITIESSECONDARY EDUCATIONSECURE TENURESERVICE SECTORSSLUM DWELLERSSLUMSSOCIAL CAPITALSOCIAL DIMENSIONSSTRUCTURAL REFORMSSUSTAINABLE ACCESSTECHNICAL ASSISTANCETRANSITION ECONOMIESTRIPSTRUEUNDERSTANDING URBAN POVERTYUNEMPLOYMENTUNEMPLOYMENT RATIOURBAN AREAURBAN AREASURBAN CHANGEURBAN CITIESURBAN COMMUNITIESURBAN CONTEXTURBAN DEVELOPMENTURBAN DWELLERSURBAN ECONOMIESURBAN ECONOMYURBAN GROWTHURBAN HOUSEHOLDSURBAN INFRASTRUCTUREURBAN ISSUESURBAN LANDURBAN MANAGEMENTURBAN MANAGEMENT PROGRAMURBAN MIGRATIONURBAN POORURBAN POPULATIONURBAN POPULATION GROWTHURBAN POVERTYURBAN POVERTY RESEARCHURBAN POVERTY RESEARCH SOURCEBOOKURBAN PROBLEMSURBAN SERVICESURBAN SETTLEMENTURBAN SETTLEMENTSURBAN SOCIAL NETWORKSURBANIZATIONUTILITIESVULNERABILITYWASTE DISPOSALWASTE WATERWATER SOURCEWATER SUPPLYWATER TREATMENTWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-3998