World Bank2012-06-182012-06-182006-06https://hdl.handle.net/10986/8283This is a draft edition of the Poverty Environment Nexus (PEN) report for Cambodia, Lao PDR and Vietnam. The purpose of this conference edition is to present the findings from the studies that have been undertaken in each country over the last three years as well as to obtain relevant comments and feedback from the conference participants that could be included in the final edition of the report. The material presented in this report is based upon comprehensive case studies as well as national analytical work performed in each country. This second phase of the PEN study is designed to address several of the unsolved issues faced by the first phase and within the existing PEN literature on Cambodia, Lao PDR and Vietnam. Since the earlier study found that the nexus may often be identified at disaggregated, or local, levels, the analysis in the second phase of the study was conducted both at the regional, provincial and district levels for the national studies (macro-levels) and on the district, village, commune, and household levels in the (case) studies (micro-level). This combination of macro and micro approaches results in more substantive findings, which are elaborated in detail in these elaborations, may then lead to a better scope for defining policy interventions.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOABSOLUTE POVERTYACCESS TO ASSETSACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATERACCESS TO SANITATIONACID RAINAGRICULTURAL INPUTSAGRICULTURAL LANDAGRICULTURAL PRACTICESAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONAGRICULTURAL SECTORAGRICULTURAL USESAGRICULTURAL YIELDSAIR POLLUTIONAIR QUALITYBIODIVERSITY CONSERVATIONCALORIES PER PERSONCARBONCASH CROPSCASH INCOMECENTRAL REGIONCLEAN WATERCOMMON PROPERTYCOMMON PROPERTY RESOURCESCOMMUNITY FORESTRYCONFLICTCONSUMPTION DATACONSUMPTION EXPENDITURECONSUMPTION EXPENDITURESCOPING MECHANISMSCOST EFFECTIVENESSCPICROP YIELDSDEFORESTATIONDRINKING WATERDROUGHTECONOMIC CIRCUMSTANCESECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC DYNAMICSECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMICSECONOMIES OF SCALEEDUCATION POVERTYEFFLUENTSEMISSIONSEMPIRICAL EVIDENCEEMPIRICAL STUDIESEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATIONENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICSENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATIONENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMSENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONENVIRONMENTAL QUALITYENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCESESTIMATES OF POVERTYETHNIC MINORITYEXPLOITATIONFARM SECTORFARM WORKERSFARMERSFARMING SYSTEMSFISHERIESFOOD EXPENDITURESFOOD INTAKEFOOD POLICYFOOD POLICY RESEARCHFOOD PRODUCTIONFOOD SECURITYFOREST AREASFOREST REGIONSFORESTED REGIONSFORESTRYFORESTRY SECTORFOSSIL FUELSHAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENTHEALTH PROBLEMSHOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTIONHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHOUSEHOLD INCOMESHOUSEHOLD SURVEYHOUSEHOLD SURVEYSHOUSEHOLD WELFAREHOUSINGHUMAN HEALTHHYGIENEINCIDENCE OF POVERTYINCOME GENERATIONINCOME INEQUALITYINDUSTRIAL POLLUTIONINDUSTRIAL WATERINFANT MORTALITYINFANT MORTALITY RATESLABOR PRODUCTIVITYLACK OF WATERLAND DEGRADATIONLAND DISTRIBUTIONLAND HOLDINGSLAND MANAGEMENTLAND PRODUCTIVITYLAND RESOURCESLAND TENURELAND TITLESLAND USELIVELIHOOD BASELIVING STANDARDSLOGGINGLOSS OF PRODUCTIVITYMOUNTAINOUS AREASNATIONAL INCOMENATIONAL POVERTYNATURAL ASSETSNATURAL CAPITALNATURAL DISASTERNATURAL DISASTERSNATURAL RESOURCE BASENATURAL RESOURCESNITROGEN OXIDESNUTRITIONAL STATUSOVERGRAZINGPARTICIPATORY POVERTY ASSESSMENTPER CAPITA CONSUMPTIONPLANT PROTECTIONPOLICY MAKERSPOLLUTIONPOLLUTION CONCENTRATIONPOORPOOR FARMERSPOOR HOUSEHOLDSPOOR PEOPLEPOOR POPULATIONPOORER AREASPOPULATION DENSITIESPOPULATION GROWTHPOVERTY ALLEVIATIONPOVERTY ASSESSMENTSPOVERTY DATAPOVERTY ERADICATIONPOVERTY GAPPOVERTY HEADCOUNT INDEXPOVERTY INCIDENCEPOVERTY LEVELSPOVERTY LINEPOVERTY LINKAGESPOVERTY MAPPINGPOVERTY MAPSPOVERTY MEASURESPOVERTY POVERTYPOVERTY RATESPOVERTY REDUCTIONPOVERTY REDUCTION EFFORTSPOVERTY REDUCTION PROGRAMSPOVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIESPOVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGYPOVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY PAPERPOVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY PAPERSPOVERTY SEVERITYPOVERTY UPDATEQUALITY OF LIFEQUALITY STANDARDSREGIONAL ANALYSESREGIONAL ANALYSISREGIONAL APPROACHESREGIONAL ECOSYSTEMSREGIONAL LEVELSREGIONAL LINKAGESREGIONAL PERSPECTIVEREGIONAL RESEARCHREGIONAL WORKSHOPSRESOURCE MANAGEMENTRESOURCE USERURALRURAL AREASRURAL COMMUNITIESRURAL DEVELOPMENTRURAL EMPLOYMENTRURAL LIVELIHOODSRURAL MIGRATIONRURAL POORRURAL POPULATIONRURAL POPULATIONSRURAL POVERTYRURAL SECTORRURAL WATERSAFETY NETSAFETY NETSSANITATIONSOIL DEGRADATIONSPATIAL ANALYSISSPATIAL DISTRIBUTIONSTREAMSSUB-REGIONSUBSISTENCESULFUR DIOXIDESUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTSUSTAINABLE USETARGETINGTIMBERUNEMPLOYMENTURBAN AIR POLLUTIONWARWASTE DISPOSALWASTE MANAGEMENTWATER POLLUTIONWATER SOURCESWATER SUPPLIESWELFARE DISTRIBUTIONWELFARE INDICATORSWELFARE MEASUREWETLANDSWorld Bank10.1596/8283