Sutton, William R.Srivastava, Jitendra P.Neumann, James E.Strzępek, Kenneth M.Boehlert, Brent B.2013-10-252013-10-252013-10-03978-1-4648-0043-610.1596/978-1-4648-0043-6https://hdl.handle.net/10986/16201Agricultural production is inextricably tied to climate, making agriculture one of the most climate-sensitive of all economic sectors. In countries such as the Former Yugoslav Republic (FYR) of Macedonia, the risks of climate change for the agricultural sector are a particularly immediate and important problem because the majority of the rural population depends either directly or indirectly on agriculture for their livelihoods. Climate impacts can therefore undermine progress that has been made in poverty reduction and adversely impact food security and economic growth in vulnerable rural areas. In order to be effective, a plan for adapting the sector to climate change must strengthen both human capital and physical capital in their capacity. The need to adapt to climate change in all sectors is now on the agenda of national governments and development partners. As a result, development partners will continue to have an important role in enhancing the adaptive capacity of the Macedonian agricultural sector. Another key factor for FYR Macedonia's development of an adaptation plan for agriculture is furthering FYR Macedonia's work toward European Union (EU) accession, for which FYR Macedonia has been a candidate since 2005. The Macedonian government has already begun to focus on required EU reforms, including work on the agriculture strengthening and accession project with the World Bank. Along with these needed reforms, the EU encourages action toward climate change preparedness and adaptation. This report provides a menu of climate change adaptation options for the agriculture and water resources sectors, along with specific recommendations for adaptation actions that are tailored to distinct agro-ecological zones (AEZs) within FYR Macedonia. This report is structured as follows: chapter one gives current conditions for Macedonian agriculture and climate; chapter two presents design and methodology; chapter three deals with impacts of climate change on agriculture in FYR Macedonia; chapter four deals with identification of adaptation options for managing risk to FYR Macedonia's agricultural systems; chapter five presents cost-benefit analysis; and chapter six gives options to improve climate resilience of FYR Macedonia's agricultural sector.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOacidacid rainagricultural areaagricultural cropagricultural economyagricultural educationagricultural expertsagricultural extensionagricultural extension serviceagricultural landAgricultural marketsagricultural policiesAgricultural Policyagricultural practicesAgricultural Productionagricultural productivityAgricultural Productsagricultural researchagricultural research centersAgricultural research institutesAgricultural SystemsAgricultureAgriculture Organizationagronomic practicesagronomistsaltitudeanimalsannual precipitationassessment of climate risksAverage yieldaverage yieldsCapacity Buildingcarboncarbon dioxidecarbon dioxide concentrationsCattlecereal cropscerealsClimateclimate adaptationClimate Changeclimate change adaptationClimate Change AnalysisClimate Change IMPACTClimate Change IMPACT ASSESSMENTClimate Change Impactsclimate change scenariosclimate changesclimate conditionsclimate dataclimate hazardClimate HazardsClimate ImpactClimate ImpactsClimate ResilienceClimate ScenarioClimate Scenariosclimate variabilityClimatic changesCO2colorsConsultative Group on International Agricultural ResearchCost AnalysisCropcrop areasCrop damagecrop growthcrop lossescrop managementcrop productioncrop residuescrop rotationsCrop VarietiesCrop YieldCrop YieldsCropscultivated landdeforestationdiseasesdrip irrigationdroughtEcological Zoneseconomics of adaptation to climate changeEffect of Climate Changeeffect of temperatureerosion controlEuropean CommissionevaporationevapotranspirationExtension Agencyextension agentsextreme eventsextreme heatextreme heat eventsextreme weatherextreme weather eventsFAOFarmersfarmingfarmlandfarmsFertilizationfloodsfood securityFord Foundationforestforest ecosystemsForestryforestsFramework Convention on Climate Changefrostfruitsfuture climate changeGCMgeneral circulation modelGISGoatsGraingreen housesGreen RevolutionGreenhouseGreenhouse Gasgreenhouse gas emissiongreenhouse gas emission reductionsgreenhouse gas emissionsGreenhouse Gas Mitigationgreenhouse gasesHailHigh temperaturehigh yieldshigh-yield crop varietiesICARDAIFPRIIMPACT ASSESSMENTImpact of ClimateImpact of Climate ChangeImpacts of Climate Changeimplications of climate changeincrease in temperatureIntergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeInternational Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry AreasInternational Food Policy Research InstituteIPCCIrrigationirrigation systemsland degradationLivestocklower rainfallMaizemaize yieldsmeteorological datameteorological informationMoisture Indexnegative impactovergrazingpesticidespestsplant breedingplant growthpollutionpolyethylenepoverty ratespoverty reductionPrecipitationquantitative analysisrainrainfallresilience to climate changeresistant varietiesrisks of climate changeRiver BasinsRockefeller FoundationrootsRural DevelopmentRural Development Strategiesrural economiesrural populationScientistseasonseed varietiesseedsSheepsoil conservationsoil degradationsoil erosionsoil moisturesoil typesoilssummer temperaturesunshineSustainable DevelopmentTemperaturetemperature changetemperature changestemperature increasetemperature increasestemperature stresstemperaturestreesUNDPUnited NationsUnited Nations Development Programmevegetable productionvegetablesVulnerability to Climate Changewater qualitywater resourcesWater Use EfficiencyWheatWheat yieldswindwinter wheatworld food supplyyield lossesWorld Bank10.1596/978-1-4648-0043-6