World Bank2012-03-192012-03-192009-12-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/3186The shortage of skills sought by key export-oriented and import competing industries in Bosnia and Herzegovina (henceforth, 'BH') is substantial and if left unaddressed, threatens to constrain future economic growth of the country. Prior to the onset of the global economic crisis, BH enjoyed strong rates of economic growth based to a significant degree on the growth of exports. On average, exports grew at an impressive 34 percent per year between 1995 and 2008. Our analysis however confirms that the growth of exporting, as well as import-competing industries is increasingly becoming constrained by the shortage of skills in the labor force. In this report we seek to identify these shortages and their likely causes and recommend reforms and policies which can prevent the plummeting of economic growth due to lack of adequate skills. Firm-level evidence confirms that the shortage of qualified workers is becoming a serious obstacle to growth of BH exporting companies. This report investigates what types of skills firms are looking for and are not finding in the marketplace. The policy recommendation section of this study seeks to provide ideas and direction for the BH government to address these labor market challenges.CC BY 3.0 IGOACADEMIC QUALIFICATIONSACADEMIC YEARACCREDITATIONACTIVE EMPLOYMENTACTIVE EMPLOYMENT POLICIESACTIVE EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMSACTIVE LABORACTIVE LABOR MARKETACTIVE LABOR MARKET POLICIESACTIVE LABOR MARKET POLICYADULT EDUCATIONADULT TRAININGAGE GROUPAGE GROUPSAVERAGE EDUCATION LEVELAVERAGE WAGESBASIC EDUCATIONBASIC SKILLSBRAIN DRAINCAREERCAREER COUNSELINGCAREER DEVELOPMENTCAREER GUIDANCECERTIFICATION PROCESSESCOMPUTER TRAININGCONSUMER PRICE INDEXCONTINUING EDUCATIONCURRICULACURRICULUMDEGREESDIASPORADIPLOMASDISADVANTAGED STUDENTSDISCIPLINESDOCTORAL DEGREESDOMESTIC MARKETDRIVERSEARLY RETIREMENTECONOMIC SLOWDOWNEDUCATED CITIZENSEDUCATED WORKFORCEEDUCATION BUDGETEDUCATION MINISTRIESEDUCATION OUTCOMESEDUCATION SYSTEMSEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTEDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENTEDUCATIONAL LEVELEDUCATORSEMPLOYEEEMPLOYER CONTRIBUTIONSEMPLOYMENTEMPLOYMENT GROWTHEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESEMPLOYMENT SERVICEENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITIESEXPENDITURESEXPORT-ORIENTED INDUSTRIESFACULTIESFINDING EMPLOYMENTFINDING WORKFIRM SURVEYFIRM SURVEYSFOREIGN LANGUAGESFORMAL EMPLOYEE TRAININGFURTHER EDUCATIONGENERAL SECONDARY EDUCATIONGLOBAL MARKETSGROSS WAGEGROSS WAGESHEALTH INSURANCEHIGH UNEMPLOYMENTHIGH UNEMPLOYMENT RATEHIGHER EDUCATIONHIGHER EDUCATION DEVELOPMENTHIGHER EDUCATION FINANCINGHIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONSHIGHER EDUCATION LAWHIGHER EDUCATION REFORMHIGHLY EDUCATED PEOPLEHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN RESOURCESINFORMAL ECONOMYINSTITUTIONAL ACCREDITATIONINTERNSHIPSJOB CREATIONJOB PLACEMENTJOB PLACEMENT SERVICESJOB SEEKERSJOBSKNOWLEDGE BASELABOR DEMANDLABOR FORCELABOR MARKET CHARACTERISTICSLABOR MARKET INSTITUTIONSLABOR MARKET NEEDSLABOR MARKET OUTCOMESLABOR MARKET POLICYLABOR MARKET RIGIDITIESLABOR MARKETSLABOR MOBILITYLABOR SUPPLYLEARNINGLEARNING OUTCOMESLEARNING PROGRAMSLIFE-LONG LEARNINGLITERACYLITERATURELOCAL LABOR MARKETLONG-TERM UNEMPLOYMENTMATHEMATICSMINISTRY OF EDUCATIONOCCUPATIONSPASSIVE LABORPRIMARY EDUCATIONPRIMARY SCHOOLPRIMARY SCHOOL EDUCATIONPRIVATE COSTPRIVATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONSPRIVATE EMPLOYMENTPRIVATE INSTITUTIONSPRIVATE MARKETPRIVATE PROVISIONPRIVATE SECTORPRIVATE SECTOR ACTIVITYPRIVATE SECTOR COMPANIESPRIVATE SECTOR FIRMSPRIVATE SECTOR INVOLVEMENTPRIVATE TRAININGPRIVATE TRAINING PROVIDERSPRIVATE UNIVERSITIESPRIVATE UNIVERSITYPROBLEM SOLVINGPROFESSORSPUBLIC EMPLOYMENTPUBLIC SECTOR EMPLOYEESPUBLIC UNIVERSITIESPUBLIC UNIVERSITYPUPILSQUALITY ASSURANCEQUALITY OF INSTRUCTIONQUALITY TEACHINGREAL WAGEREAL WAGESRESEARCH PROGRAMSRESEARCHERSSCHOOLINGSCHOOLSSCIENCE DEGREESSCIENTIFIC RESEARCHSCIENTISTSCIENTISTSSECONDARY EDUCATIONSECONDARY SCHOOL EDUCATIONSECONDARY SCHOOL GRADUATESSECONDARY SCHOOLSSKILL SHORTAGESKILL SHORTAGESSKILLED EMPLOYEESSKILLED LABORSKILLED PEOPLESKILLED WORKFORCESOCIAL WORKSTAFF SALARIESSTUDENT LOANSTUDENT POPULATIONTEACHERTEACHERSTEACHINGTECHNICAL SKILLSTERTIARY EDUCATIONTERTIARY EDUCATION REFORMTERTIARY EDUCATION SYSTEMTERTIARY ENROLLMENTTERTIARY ENROLLMENT RATETERTIARY GRADUATESTERTIARY INSTITUTIONSTOTAL EMPLOYMENTTRADE UNIONSTRAINING PROGRAMTRAINING PROGRAMSTRAINING SERVICESTUITIONTUITION FEESUNEMPLOYEDUNEMPLOYED LABORUNEMPLOYED PEOPLEUNEMPLOYED PERSONSUNEMPLOYMENTUNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITSUNEMPLOYMENT RATEUNEMPLOYMENT RATESUNIVERSITIESUNIVERSITY ADMINISTRATORSUNIVERSITY BUDGETUNIVERSITY DEGREEUNIVERSITY EDUCATIONUNIVERSITY GRADUATESUNSKILLED LABORVOCATIONAL EDUCATIONVOCATIONAL PROGRAMSVOCATIONAL SCHOOLSWAGE GROWTHWAGE LEVELSWORKERWORKERSWorld Bank10.1596/3186