Ravallion, Martin2012-03-192012-03-192009-10-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/4333Brazil, China and India have seen falling poverty in their reform periods, but to varying degrees and for different reasons. History left China with favorable initial conditions for rapid poverty reduction through market-led economic growth; at the outset of the reform process there were ample distortions to remove and relatively low inequality in access to the opportunities so created, though inequality has risen markedly since. By concentrating such opportunities in the hands of the better off, prior inequalities in various dimensions handicapped poverty reduction in both Brazil and India. Brazil's recent success in complementing market-oriented reforms with progressive social policies has helped it achieve more rapid poverty reduction than India, although Brazil has been less successful in terms of economic growth. In the wake of its steep rise in inequality, China might learn from Brazil's success with such policies. India needs to do more to assure that poor people are able to participate in both the country's growth process and its social policies; here there are lessons from both China and Brazil. All three countries have learned how important macroeconomic stability is to poverty reduction.CC BY 3.0 IGOABSOLUTE POVERTYAGRICULTURAL EXPORTSAGRICULTURAL GROWTHAGRICULTURAL LANDAGRICULTURAL SECTORANNUAL GROWTHANNUAL GROWTH RATEANTI-POVERTYAVERAGE INCOMEBASIC EDUCATIONBASIC HEALTHBUDGET DEFICITSCASH TRANSFER PROGRAMSCASH TRANSFERSCOLLECTIVE FARMSCONSUMPTION EXPENDITURECONSUMPTION EXPENDITURESCONSUMPTION PER CAPITACONSUMPTION SMOOTHINGCOST-EFFECTIVENESSCOUNTRY REGRESSIONSDATA ISSUESDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPING COUNTRYDEVELOPING WORLDDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICSDEVELOPMENT RESEARCHDISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGEDISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGESDISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTDISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTSECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIESECONOMIC PERFORMANCEECONOMIC POLICIESECONOMIC POLICYECONOMIC REFORMECONOMIC STAGNATIONECONOMICSECONOMICS LETTERSEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTEGSEMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEMEEXCHANGE RATEEXCHANGE RATESFAMINEFARM GROWTHFARM OUTPUTFARM PRODUCTIVITYFARM PRODUCTSFARM SECTORFARM WORKFARMERSFARMLANDFEMALE LITERACYFOOD AVAILABILITYFOOD INSECURITYFOOD MARKETSFOOD STAPLESFOOD SUBSIDIESFOOD-FOR-EDUCATIONGENDER GAPSGEOGRAPHIC POVERTY TRAPSGINI INDEXGLOBAL ECONOMYGLOBAL POVERTYGROWTH EFFECTGROWTH ELASTICITYGROWTH PROCESSGROWTH PROSPECTSGROWTH RATEGROWTH RATESHEALTH CAREHIGH INEQUALITYHIGH INFLATIONHIGHER INEQUALITYHOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTIONHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHOUSEHOLD INCOMESHOUSEHOLD SURVEYHOUSEHOLD SURVEYSHOUSEHOLD WELFAREHUMAN ASSETSHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN DEVELOPMENTIMPACT ON POVERTYINCOMEINCOME DISTRIBUTIONINCOME GROWTHINCOME INEQUALITYINCOME REDISTRIBUTIONINCOME SUPPORTINDICATOR TARGETINGINDIVIDUAL FARMERSINDUSTRIAL POLICYINEQUALITYINEQUALITY CONVERGENCEINEQUALITY MEASURESINEQUALITY WILLINFANT MORTALITYINFANT MORTALITY RATEINSURANCEINTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINELAND RIGHTSLANDHOLDINGSLIFE EXPECTANCYLONG RUNLONG-RUN GROWTHLONG-TERM GROWTHLOW FARM PRODUCTIVITYLOW INEQUALITYLOW INEQUALITY COUNTRIESLOW SHAREMACROECONOMIC INSTABILITYMACROECONOMIC STABILITYMACROECONOMIC STABILIZATIONMARGINAL PRODUCTMARGINAL TAXMARGINAL TAX RATEMARKET FAILURESMEAN INCOMEMEASURING POVERTYNATIONAL ACCOUNTSNATIONAL POVERTYNATIONAL POVERTY LINENATIONAL POVERTY LINESNEGATIVE EFFECTOUTPUT GROWTHPAYMENTS CRISISPER CAPITA CONSUMPTIONPOLICY CONVERGENCEPOLICY MAKERSPOLICY PACKAGEPOLICY REFORMSPOLICY RESEARCHPOLITICAL ECONOMYPOLITICAL ECONOMY OF TARGETINGPOORPOOR AREASPOOR COUNTRIESPOOR FAMILIESPOOR LIVINGPOOR PARENTSPOOR PEOPLEPOVERTY ASSESSMENTPOVERTY DYNAMICSPOVERTY ESTIMATESPOVERTY GAPPOVERTY GAP INDEXPOVERTY HEADCOUNT INDEXPOVERTY IMPACTPOVERTY LINEPOVERTY MEASUREMENTPOVERTY MEASURESPOVERTY RATEPOVERTY REDUCINGPOVERTY REDUCTIONPOVERTY-REDUCING GROWTHPRO-GROWTH STRATEGYPRO-POORPRO-POOR GROWTHPUBLIC INVESTMENTPUBLIC SECTORPUBLIC SPENDINGPUBLIC WORKSRAPID GROWTHREDISTRIBUTIVE POLICIESREDUCED INEQUALITYREDUCED POVERTYREDUCING INEQUALITYREDUCING POVERTYREDUCTION IN POVERTYREFORM EFFORTSRELATIVE GAINSRELATIVE IMPORTANCERURALRURAL AREASRURAL DEVELOPMENTRURAL ECONOMIC GROWTHRURAL ECONOMIC REFORMSRURAL ECONOMYRURAL EMPLOYMENTRURAL GAPRURAL HINTERLANDRURAL INCOMERURAL INFRASTRUCTURERURAL LIVING STANDARDSRURAL POORRURAL POVERTYRURAL POVERTY LINERURAL POVERTY LINESRURAL POVERTY REDUCTIONRURAL SECTORSAFETY NETSAFETY NET PROGRAMSSAVINGSSCHOOLINGSECONDARY ENROLLMENTSECTORAL COMPOSITIONSOCIAL ASSISTANCESOCIAL POLICIESSOCIAL PROTECTIONSOCIAL SECURITYSOCIAL SPENDINGSTATE-OWNED ENTERPRISESTARGETED TRANSFERSTARGETINGTRADE LIBERALIZATIONUNEMPLOYMENTUNSKILLED LABORURBAN AREASWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-5080