World Bank2013-02-062013-02-062012-06https://hdl.handle.net/10986/12260Egypt's children and youth, representing more than one-third of the country´s population and its future, face several significant challenges, as shown by higher child poverty rates and unequal access to basic services. The objective of this report is three-fold: (i) to analyze the extent of inequality of opportunity among Egyptian children; (ii) to inform government policy on how success in life is influenced by factors predetermined at birth; and (iii) to identify policies and interventions that may contribute to improving equality of opportunity. The underlying premise is that ensuring equality of opportunity entails leveling the playing field in such a way that every child, regardless of the circumstances of his/her birth, will have an equal chance to succeed in life. This report analyzes the extent of provision of equal access to basic opportunities to all children (including healthcare, education, clean water and sanitation), and identifies the main circumstances that affect it and therefore determine human development outcomes. The analysis in this report builds on the concepts and ideas developed in the World Development Report (WDR). The findings are aimed at supporting debates and discussions, within and outside the Government of Egypt, on the need to ensure equality of opportunity, to contribute to the development of policies and institutions for children and youth, and to provide an improved sense of hope and social justice for the future and help build a more equitable society in the post-Mubarak era. The report is structured as follows: section one presents the background and motivation for the study; section two deals with early risk factors and associated health and education outcomes for children; and section three presents the estimates of inequality of opportunity among children. Details about the data sources and various analyses presented are included in the annexes.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO EDUCATIONACCESS TO HEALTH CAREACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICESACCESS TO HEALTHCAREACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROMEACUTE MALNUTRITIONADEQUATE NUTRITIONAGEDANEMIAANTENATAL CAREARIBASIC EDUCATIONBASIC INFRASTRUCTUREBASIC SOCIAL SERVICESBIRTH ATTENDANTSBIRTHSCHILD DEVELOPMENTCHILD HEALTHCHILD MALNUTRITIONCHILD MORTALITYCHRONIC MALNUTRITIONCOGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTCOMPLICATIONSCOMPULSORY PRIMARY EDUCATIONCYCLE OF POVERTYDELIVERY CAREDEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITIONDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT INTERVENTIONSDEVELOPMENT OF POLICIESDIABETESDIARRHEADIARRHEAL DISEASESDIPHTHERIADISADVANTAGED CHILDRENDISADVANTAGED GROUPSDRINKING WATERDROPOUTDROPOUT RATESEARLY CHILD DEVELOPMENTEARLY CHILDHOODEARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENTEARLY CHILDHOOD INTERVENTIONSEARLY EDUCATIONEARLY INTERVENTIONSECONOMIC GROWTHEDUCATION SECTOREDUCATION VARIABLESEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTEDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIESEDUCATIONAL OUTCOMESEMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENTENROLLMENTENROLLMENT BY AGEENROLLMENT RATEENROLLMENT RATESENROLMENT GAPENROLMENT RATESEQUAL ACCESSEQUAL OPPORTUNITYEQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITYEQUITABLE ACCESSEXTENDED FAMILYFAMILIESFEMALE CIRCUMCISIONFERTILITYFORMAL EDUCATIONFORMAL SCHOOLINGGENDER EQUALITYGENDER EQUALITY IN EDUCATIONGENDER GAPGENDER GAPSGIRL CHILDGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTHEALTH CAREHEALTH CARE DURING PREGNANCYHEALTH FACILITIESHEALTH INSURANCEHEALTH OUTCOMESHEALTH SERVICESHEIGHT FOR AGEHEIGHT ­ FOR ­ AGEHEPATITIS CHIVHIV/AIDSHORMONESHOUSEHOLD ASSETSHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHOUSEHOLD LEVELHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN DEVELOPMENTHUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSHYGIENEHYPERTENSIONHYPOTHYROIDISMILLNESSIMMUNIZATIONIMMUNIZATIONSIMMUNODEFICIENCYINCOME INEQUALITYINDEXESINEQUITIESINFANTINFANT DEATHINFANT HEALTHINFANTSINFECTIONINFECTIOUS DISEASESINFLUENZAINTERNATIONAL COMPARISONSINTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONSINVESTMENTS IN EDUCATIONIODINEIODINE DEFICIENCYIRONIRON SUPPLEMENTSLABOR MARKETLEVELS OF EDUCATIONLITERACYLOW ENROLMENT RATESMAJORITY OF CHILDRENMARRIED WOMENMATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTHMATERNAL HEALTHMEASLESMEDICAL TREATMENTMILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALSMINISTRY OF EDUCATIONMINISTRY OF HEALTHMORTALITYMORTALITY RATEMOTHERNATIONAL COUNCILNEWBORNNONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONSNUMERACYNUTRITIONNUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIESNUTRITIONAL STATUSOBESITYOLD CHILDRENOLDER AGE GROUPSPHYSICAL DEVELOPMENTPHYSICAL GROWTHPOLICY IMPLICATIONSPOLICY MAKERSPOLIOPOLITICAL PARTIESPOOR CHILDRENPOOR HEALTHPOOR NUTRITIONPOPULATION CENSUSPOPULATION GROWTH RATESPOPULATION SIZEPOSTNATAL CAREPREGNANCIESPREGNANCYPREGNANT WOMENPRESCHOOL CHILDRENPRIMARY EDUCATIONPRIMARY SCHOOLPRODUCTIVITYPROGRESSPUBLIC EDUCATIONPUBLIC HEALTHPUBLIC HEALTH SERVICESPUBLIC SERVICESPURCHASING POWERPURCHASING POWER PARITYQUALITY CONTROLQUALITY OF HEALTH CARERAPID POPULATION GROWTHRATIO OF GIRLS TO BOYS IN PRIMARYREADINGRESPECTRISK FACTORSRISK OF DEATHRISK OF EXPOSURERISK OF ILLNESSRURAL AREASRURAL GIRLSSAME SEXSANITATIONSCHOOL AGESCHOOL ENROLMENTSCHOOLINGSCREENINGSECONDARY EDUCATIONSECONDARY SCHOOLSECONDARY SCHOOL ENROLMENTSSECONDARY SCHOOL LEVELSERVICES FOR CHILDRENSIBLINGSSKILLED PERSONNELSKILLED STAFFSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTSOCIAL EXCLUSIONSOCIAL JUSTICESOCIAL NETWORKSSOCIAL SERVICESSOCIAL UNRESTSTAGES OF LIFESTUNTINGTETANUSTRADITIONAL BIRTH ATTENDANTSUNEMPLOYMENTUNIVERSAL ACCESSURBAN AREASUSE OF CONTRACEPTIVESVACCINESVICIOUS CYCLEVITAMIN AVITAMIN A SUPPLEMENTATIONWASTINGWOMANWORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATIONYOUNG ADULTSYOUNG CHILDRENYOUTHWorld Bank10.1596/12260