World Bank2014-04-012014-04-012014-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/17573Cities have long held a central place of importance in society as hubs of commerce, culture, and political power. Because of climate change, however, the clustering together of large numbers of people and high levels of economic activity also creates vulnerabilities. In Romania, where the urbanization rate is roughly 55 percent, the Government of Romania has commissioned this advisory services report from the World Bank to explore how to operationalize an urban climate strategy within the structure of the European Union's new 2014-2020 operating program. This report presents the results for the rapid assessment of the current state of (and opportunities for improved) urban climate planning in Romania; what is known about how cities in Romania contribute to climate change; and how cities in Romania will be affected by climate change. To complete this rapid assessment, the World Bank team relied on an extensive literature review and in-person, semi-structured interviews with more than two dozen central and local government officials, private sector experts, academics, and civil society organizations knowledgeable about climate change topics in Romania. The depth of this rapid assessment was necessarily limited by the short time frame available to carry out the research, and by data gaps on local climate planning activities, local greenhouse gas (GHG) emission levels, and the climate risks faced by cities around Romania.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOAIRAIR CONDITIONINGAIR QUALITYALTERNATIVE FUELSALTERNATIVE TRANSPORTAMBIENT TEMPERATURESANAEROBIC DIGESTIONASSESSMENTS OF CLIMATE IMPACTSATMOSPHEREAWARENESS OF CLIMATE CHANGEBASELINE EMISSIONSBOILERSBRIDGEBUSBUS SYSTEMBUSESCAPITAL INVESTMENTCAPITAL INVESTMENTSCARCAR MODE SHARECAR OWNERSHIPCAR OWNERSHIP RATESCAR USAGECARBONCARBON DIOXIDECARBON MITIGATIONCARSCLIMATECLIMATE ACTIONCLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGE ACTCLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION STRATEGYCLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTCLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTSCLIMATE CHANGE ISSUESCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATIONCLIMATE CHANGE PROGRAMCLIMATE EXTREMESCLIMATE MITIGATIONCLIMATE MITIGATION ACTIONSCLIMATE MODELSCLIMATE POLICYCLIMATE RESILIENCECLIMATE RISKCLIMATE RISKSCLIMATE STRATEGYCLIMATE-CHANGECLIMATOLOGYCOCO2COMPOSTINGCONGESTION PROBLEMSCOST ESTIMATESCYCLE TRACKSCYCLISTSDEMAND REDUCTIONDISTRICT HEATINGDOMESTIC TRANSPORTDRIVERSDRIVINGDROUGHTECONOMIC ACTIVITYEFFICIENCY GAINSEFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTSELDERLY PEOPLEELECTRICITYELECTRICITY PRODUCTIONEMERGENCY RESPONSEEMISSIONEMISSION CUTSEMISSION LEVELSEMISSION PROFILEEMISSION REDUCTIONSEMISSIONSEMISSIONS DATAEMISSIONS FROM CARSEMISSIONS FROM ROADEMISSIONS FROM ROAD TRAFFICEMISSIONS REDUCTIONENERGY CONSUMPTIONENERGY DEMANDENERGY EFFICIENCYENERGY INFRASTRUCTUREENERGY POLICIESENERGY POLICYENERGY PRICESENERGY SAVINGSENERGY USEENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONEVAPOTRANSPIRATIONEXTREME HEATEXTREME HEAT EVENTSEXTREME RAINFALLEXTREME RAINFALL EVENTSFEASIBILITYFINANCIAL ASSISTANCEFINANCIAL RESOURCESFLOODSFORESTFOREST FIRESFORESTSFOSSIL FUELSFRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGEFREE MARKETFREIGHTFROSTFUELFUEL SWITCHINGFUEL USEGAS PRICESGASEOUS EMISSIONSGHGGLOBAL CLIMATEGLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGEGLOBAL GREENHOUSE GASGREENHOUSEGREENHOUSE GASGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONSGREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTIONSGROWTH IN ELECTRICITY DEMANDHAILHEATING SYSTEMSHEAVY VEHICLESHIGH TEMPERATURESIMPACT OF CLIMATEIMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGEIMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGEINCOMEINTENSE RAINFALLINVESTMENT DECISIONSINVESTMENTS IN ENERGY EFFICIENCYLAND USELAND USE PATTERNSLANDFILLLANDFILLSLOCAL CLIMATELOCAL RAILLOCAL TRANSPORTLOCAL TRANSPORT PLANLOW-CARBONLOWER CARBON EMISSIONSMARKET ECONOMYMASS TRANSITMETEOROLOGYMETHANEMETHANE EMISSIONSMINISTRY OF TRANSPORTMODAL SPLITMODES OF TRANSPORTNATURAL GASNATURAL GAS PRICENEIGHBORHOODSNITROGENNITROGEN OXIDESNOXORGANIC WASTEPASSENGERSPEDESTRIANPEDESTRIANSPER CAPITA CONSUMPTIONPHOTOVOLTAICSPOLLUTIONPOPULATION DENSITYPOWER GENERATIONPOWER SECTORPOWER SUPPLYPRECIPITATIONPRIVATE AUTOMOBILESPRIVATE VEHICLEPRIVATE VEHICLE OWNERSHIPPRIVATE VEHICLESPUBLIC STREETPUBLIC TRANSPORTPUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMPUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMSPUBLIC TRANSPORT VEHICLESPUBLIC TRANSPORTATIONPUBLIC UTILITIESRADIATIONRAILRAIL INFRASTRUCTURERAIL STATIONSRAILWAYRAILWAY LINESRAINFALLRAPID TRANSITRECYCLABLE WASTERENEWABLE ENERGYRIDERSRIDERSHIPROADROAD TRANSPORTROAD USERSROADSROUTESAFETYSANITARY LANDFILLSSEA LEVEL RISESO2STREET LIGHTINGSULFURSULFUR DIOXIDETAXISTEMPERATURETRAFFICTRAFFIC CONGESTIONTRAFFIC FLOWTRAFFIC RESTRAINTTRAINSTRAMTRANSPORTTRANSPORT EMISSIONSTRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURETRANSPORT INVESTMENTTRANSPORT PLANNINGTRANSPORT PROBLEMSTRANSPORT SECTORTRANSPORT SYSTEMSTRANSPORTATIONTROLLEYBUSESURBAN CLIMATE CHANGEURBAN MOBILITYURBAN PLANNERSURBAN TRANSPORTURBAN TRANSPORT POLICIESURBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEMSVEHICLEVEHICLE FLEETVEHICLE REPLACEMENTVEHICLESWALKINGWATER QUALITY10.1596/17573