World Bank2013-02-112013-02-112011-05-11https://hdl.handle.net/10986/12295This review provides a discussion of challenges faced by Romania as a results of reforms, policy changes, growth in enrollment, among others, and provides policy options on how to tackle them. The review focuses on the higher education sector as a whole and how it is managed as a system by the Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sport (MERYS). The team assessed how the system is structured, led and managed by MERYS and not how each and every university is structured, led and managed internally. Some internal issues that confront higher education institutions were, however, reviewed since they are common to so many institutions that, by reason of commonality, they deserve to be addressed so that the Ministry can develop appropriate responses. The report includes a large number of findings, conclusions and recommendations. Some of the findings and conclusions require no recommendations. They indicate that the review team is happy with what it found in specific areas and they are included in the report since the team was required to cover these areas and since the team wants to give credit where credit is due. There are other findings and conclusions, indicating areas where improvement is necessary and possible and the team is providing recommendations, but on their own, are not likely to bring about major improvement; then, there are findings and conclusions in areas where the team believes that the potential for the greatest impact lies.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACADEMIC AUTONOMYACADEMIC COMMUNITYACADEMIC LEARNINGACADEMIC PARTNERSHIPSACADEMIC STAFFACADEMIC YEARACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATIONACCREDITATIONACTIVE PARTICIPATIONAGE COHORTAGE GROUPASSESSMENT TOOLSAUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITIESBASIC SKILLSBRAIN DRAINCAPITAL EXPENDITURESCIVIL SOCIETYCOLLEGIATE LEARNING ASSESSMENTCOMPETENCIESDEMAND FOR GRADUATESDIPLOMASDISCIPLINESDISTANCE LEARNINGDISTANCE LEARNING PROGRAMSDISTANCE-LEARNINGDOCTORAL DEGREESDOCTORAL STUDENTSDROP OUT RATESEDUCATION ATTAINMENTEDUCATION SERVICESEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTELEMENTSEMPLOYMENTEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESEMPLOYMENT OUTCOMESENROLLMENT RATESENROLLMENT RATIOEQUITABLE ACCESSETHICSEXAMEXAMSEXPANDED ACCESSEXPENDITURESFEE-PAYING STUDENTSFIELDS OF STUDYFINANCIAL CONSTRAINTSFINANCIAL RESOURCESFOREIGN LANGUAGESFOREIGN STUDENTSFOREIGN STUDYFORMAL EDUCATIONFULL ACCREDITATIONGRADUATION RATESGROSS TERTIARY ENROLLMENTGROWTH IN ENROLLMENTHARD SCIENCESHEALTH CAREHIGH SCHOOLHIGH SCHOOL GRADUATESHIGH SCHOOL STUDENTSHIGHER EDUCATIONHIGHER EDUCATION ENROLLMENTHIGHER EDUCATION FINANCEHIGHER EDUCATION FUNDINGHIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONHIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONSHIGHER EDUCATION SECTORHIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEMHUMAN DEVELOPMENTHUMAN RESOURCESINSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENTINSTRUCTIONINTERNATIONAL STUDENTSJOB SATISFACTIONLABOR MARKETLABOR MARKET NEEDSLABOR MARKET PARTICIPATIONLEARNINGLEARNING OUTCOMESLEARNING OUTCOMES ASSESSMENTLEVEL OF EDUCATIONLEVELS OF EDUCATIONLOWER EDUCATIONAL LEVELSLOWER LEVELS OF EDUCATIONLOWER SECONDARYLOWER SECONDARY EDUCATIONMATHEMATICSMINISTRY OF EDUCATIONNATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS FRAMEWORKOCCUPATIONSPAMPHLETSPERFORMANCE INDICATORSPOLICY ANALYSISPOOR PERFORMANCEPOTENTIAL BENEFITSPRIVATE HIGHER EDUCATIONPRIVATE HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONSPRIVATE INSTITUTIONSPRIVATE UNIVERSITIESPROFICIENCYPUBLIC FUNDSQUALITY ASSURANCEQUALITY EDUCATIONQUALITY OF EDUCATIONRATES OF RETURNREADINGRESEARCH GRANTSRESEARCH INSTITUTESRESEARCH LITERATURERESEARCH OUTPUTRESEARCH UNIVERSITIESRESEARCHERSRURAL AREASRURAL STUDENTSSCHOLARSHIP PROGRAMSCHOLARSHIPSSCHOOL LEAVERSSCHOOLINGSCHOOLSSCIENTIFIC RESEARCHSCIENTISTSSECONDARY EDUCATIONSECONDARY GRADUATESSECONDARY SCHOOLSSKILLED WORKFORCESOCIAL SCIENCESOCIAL SCIENCESSPORTSSTANDARDIZED TESTSSTATE UNIVERSITIESSTUDENT LOANSTUDENT LOAN AGENCYSTUDENT LOAN PROGRAMSTUDENT LOAN SCHEMESTUDENT LOANSSTUDENT MOBILITYSTUDENT PREPARATIONSTUDY SKILLSTEACHERTEACHINGTEACHING SKILLSTEACHING STAFFTEACHING UNIVERSITIESTECHNICAL ASSISTANCETECHNICAL EXPERTISETECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTTERTIARY EDUCATIONTERTIARY ENROLLMENTTERTIARY GRADUATESTERTIARY LEVELTERTIARY SECTORTUITIONTUITION FEESUNDERGRADUATESUNIVERSITIESUNIVERSITY AUTONOMYUNIVERSITY DEGREESUNIVERSITY LEVELUNIVERSITY LIBRARIESUNIVERSITY PROFESSORSUNIVERSITY RECTORSUPPER SECONDARYUPPER SECONDARY EDUCATIONUPPER SECONDARY SCHOOLSURBAN SCHOOLSWORK EXPERIENCEWORKERSYOUTHWorld Bank10.1596/12295