Murrugarra, EdmundoLarrison, JennicaSasin, Marcin2012-03-192012-03-192011978-0-8213-8436-7https://hdl.handle.net/10986/2535Migration has historically been a source of opportunities for people to improve their lives and those of their families. Today, the large differences in income between places-particularly countries-continue to motivate individuals to escape poverty through migration. The potential advantages of migration for sending countries are numerous. Through remittances, migration provides a means of improving income and smoothing consumption; it enables households to overcome the lack of credit and cushion the risks involved in engaging in more productive activities; and migration can also act as a coping strategy in times of distress. Remittances can be spent on investments, such as housing and schooling, and directly on household consumption. Furthermore, new skills and education may be acquired at the place of destination and transferred back to the place of origin. This volume argues that although migration increases income and often reduces poverty, the migration opportunities of the poor are different-among the poor there are fewer migrants, and they travel to 'cheaper' destinations with lower returns. The main barriers to emigration encountered by the poor are lack of opportunities and high costs. This translates into lower returns and, very likely, less poverty reduction. As a result of this cyclical interconnection, the poverty-reducing potential that migration holds for developing countries is often not maximized.CC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO LOANSADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANCEADULT MORTALITYADULT POPULATIONAGEDAGGREGATE POVERTYAGRICULTURAL PRODUCEAIDS EPIDEMICAVERAGE HOUSEHOLD INCOMEBANK OFFICEBASIC NEEDSBENEFITS OF MIGRATIONBUSINESS OWNERSHIPCAPITAL INVESTMENTCARIBBEAN REGIONCASH EXPENDITURESCHRONIC ILLNESSCITIZENSCONSUMPTION AGGREGATECONSUMPTION EXPENDITURECONSUMPTION PER CAPITACONSUMPTION SMOOTHINGCOPING STRATEGYCOUNTERFACTUALCOUNTRY OF DESTINATIONCULTURAL BARRIERSDECLINE IN POVERTYDEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICSDEMOGRAPHIC COMPOSITIONDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT BANKDISSEMINATIONDIVORCEDOMESTIC LABORDROUGHTEARNINGSECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIESECONOMIC SHOCKSEDUCATION LEVELEDUCATION LEVELSEMPLOYEREMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESEXCLUSIONEXPATRIATESEXPLOITATIONEXPORT MARKETSFAMILIESFAMILY MEMBERSFERTILITYFINANCIAL CONSTRAINTSFINANCIAL COSTFOOD CONSUMPTIONFOOD CONSUMPTION PER CAPITAFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTFULL POTENTIAL OF MIGRATIONGENDERGLOBAL DEVELOPMENTGOVERNMENT POLICIESGOVERNMENT POLICYGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTHEAD OF HOUSEHOLDHIVHOUSEHOLD ASSETSHOUSEHOLD BUDGETHOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTIONHOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURES ON FOODHOUSEHOLD HEADHOUSEHOLD HEAD AGEHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHOUSEHOLD LEVELHOUSEHOLD NUMBERHOUSEHOLD SIZEHOUSEHOLD SURVEYHOUSEHOLD WELFAREHOUSINGHUMAN CAPITALHUSBANDHUSBANDSILLNESSIMMIGRATIONIMMIGRATION POLICIESIMPACT OF MIGRATIONIMPERFECT INFORMATIONINCOME DISTRIBUTIONINCOME DYNAMICSINCOME GAINSINCOME GROUPSINCOME GROWTHINCOME INEQUALITYINHERITANCEINSURANCEINTEREST RATESINTERNATIONAL BANKINTERNATIONAL MIGRANTINTERNATIONAL MIGRANTSINTERNATIONAL MIGRATIONINTERVENTIONISOLATIONJOB OPPORTUNITIESKINSHIPKINSHIP NETWORKSLABOR MARKETLABOR MARKET ACTIVITIESLABOR MARKETSLABOR MOBILITYLACK OF CREDITLACK OF FINANCELACK OF INFORMATIONLAND HOLDINGSLAND VALUELEGAL STATUSLIMITED ACCESSLIVING STANDARDSLOANLOW-INCOME COUNTRIESMALARIAMARKET FAILURESMARKETINGMEDICAL TREATMENTMIGRANTMIGRANT WORKERSMIGRANTSMIGRATIONMIGRATION PROCESSMILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALSMINISTRY OF HEALTHMONEYLENDERSMOTHERMOUNTAIN REGIONNATIONAL BORDERSNATURAL DISASTERSPER CAPITA CONSUMPTIONPERMANENT MIGRATION STATUSPHYSICAL CAPITALPOLICY IMPLICATIONSPOLICY MAKERSPOLICY RESEARCHPOLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPERPOLITICAL ECONOMYPOLITICAL INSTABILITYPOORPOOR HOUSEHOLDSPOOR INDIVIDUALSPOOR PEOPLEPOOR RURAL REGIONSPOORER HOUSEHOLDSPOPULATION AND DEVELOPMENTPOPULATION GROWTHPOVERTY DATAPOVERTY DYNAMICSPOVERTY IMPACTPOVERTY INDICATORSPOVERTY LEVELSPOVERTY LINEPOVERTY LINKAGESPOVERTY RATEPOVERTY RATESPOVERTY REDUCTIONPRACTITIONERSPRODUCTION PROCESSPROGRESSPUBLIC POLICYPULL FACTORSPURCHASING POWERPURCHASING POWER PARITYPUSH FACTORSQUALITATIVE DATAREDUCTION IN POVERTYREGIONAL CAPITALREGIONAL LABORREGIONAL LABOR MARKETSREGIONAL OFFICEREMITTANCEREMITTANCESREMOTE AREASREMOTE LOCATIONSRESOURCE ALLOCATIONRESPECTRETURN MIGRATIONRISK SHARINGRURALRURAL AREARURAL AREASRURAL MIGRATIONRURAL REGIONSRURAL VILLAGESSAVINGSSCHOOLINGSEXSIBLINGSSOCIAL NETWORKSSOCIAL NORMSSOCIAL POLICYSOCIAL PROTECTIONSOCIOECONOMIC STATUSSOURCE OF INCOMESOURCE OF OPPORTUNITIESSPILLOVERSPOUSETEENSTEMPORARY MIGRANTSTEMPORARY MIGRATIONTRADITIONAL VALUESUNDOCUMENTED MIGRATIONUNEMPLOYMENTURBAN AREASURBAN CENTERURBAN MIGRATIONURBANIZATIONUSE PER CAPITAVILLAGEVIOLENCEYOUNG ADULTSWorld Bank10.1596/978-0-8213-8436-7