Morgandi, MatteoSilva, JoanaLevin, Victoria2013-02-062013-02-062012-09https://hdl.handle.net/10986/12261The report aims to meet two broad objectives: (a) enhance knowledge about the current state of existing social safety nets (SSNs) and assess their effectiveness in responding to new and emerging challenges to the poor and vulnerable in the region by bringing together new evidence, data, and country-specific analysis; and (b) open up and inform a debate on feasible policy options to make SSNs in the Middle East and North Africa more effective and innovative. First chapter, 'a framework for SSN reform,' describes and illustrates the reasons for the region's growing need for SSN reform and establishes the framework for renewed SSNs. It identifies key goals for SSNs (promoting social inclusion, livelihood, and resilience) and illustrates how these goals have been achieved in some parts of the region and elsewhere. Second chapter, 'key challenges that call for renewed SSNs,' analyzes the challenges facing the region's poor and vulnerable households, which SSNs could focus on as a priority. Two large groups are at higher-than-average poverty risk: children and those who live in rural or lagging areas. The chapter examines factors such as inequality of opportunities and lack of access to services that can perpetuate the lower human development outcomes among the poor in these groups. It also describes the challenge of vulnerability. Finally, it identifies particular social groups that are at a higher risk of exclusion from access to services and employment. Third chapter, 'the current state of SSNs in the Middle East and North Africa,' analyzes SSN spending and assesses different aspects of the SSN systems' performance. Fourth chapter, 'the political economy of SSN reforms in the Middle East and North Africa: what do citizens want?' presents new evidence on citizens' preferences concerning redistribution and SSN design, using newly collected data. It also discusses how political economy considerations could be taken into account in designing renewed SSNs in the region. Fifth chapter, 'the way forward: how to make safety nets in the Middle East and North Africa more effective and innovative,' proposes an agenda for reform and the path for moving forward, using global experience and the evidence presented in the preceding chapters.Les pays du Moyen-Orient et d’Afrique du Nord ont actuellement une occasion unique d’améliorer leurs programmes d’assistance sociale (PAS) afin de mieux promouvoir l’inclusion, les moyens de subsistance et la résistance aux chocs. Les transitions constituent des moments déterminants pour les systèmes de protection sociale et le printemps arabe a souligné la nécessité d’une inclusion sociale et d’un nouveau contrat social. Les considérations d’économie politique ont été l’une des raisons majeures du blocage ou des retards de la réforme des PAS dans certains pays du Moyen Orient et d’Afrique du Nord ; de nouveaux éléments portent à croire qu’une meilleure information, une meilleure conception et une plus grande transparence des PAS peuvent permettre à la région de progresser. Lorsque la capacité des PAS à répondre aux aspirations des populations pour une plus grande inclusion sociale et un meilleur accès aux opportunités économiques est examinée de près, les questions suivantes se posent: quel devrait être le niveau optimal de redistribution, et à quelles conditions ? ; quels sont les objectifs de base et les priorités des PAS? ; quelle devrait être l’envergure et la portée des systèmes de protection sociale ? ; comment peut-on réformer les systèmes existants pour atteindre ces objectifs ? A la lumière des défis auxquels les personnes pauvres et vulnérables font face dans la région, et de l’état actuel des PAS, le chemin vers des PAS plus efficaces et novateurs appelle des actions dans plusieurs domaines. Bien qu’il n’y ait pas une solution unique, de meilleurs résultats peuvent être obtenus en agissant sur les quatre points suivants : améliorer l’impact des PAS au Moyen-Orient et en Afrique du Nord ; mettre en place une infrastructure de PAS fiable, mais flexible, pouvant servir en période normale comme en période de crise ; consolider les PAS fragmentés ; rééquilibrer le financement et les priorités des systèmes d’assistance sociale.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOABSOLUTE POVERTYACCESS TO FOODACCESS TO SERVICESACCESS TO TECHNOLOGYACCOUNTABILITYADMINISTRATIVE COSTSBANK BRANCHESBENEFICIARIESBENEFICIARYBENEFIT LEVELSBREAD SUBSIDYCASH BENEFITSCASH TRANSFERCASH TRANSFER PROGRAMCASH TRANSFERSCHILD HEALTHCHILD POVERTYCHRONIC POVERTYCLEAN WATERCOMMUNITY ASSETSCONDITIONAL CASHCONSUMER GOODSCOPING MECHANISMSCOPING STRATEGIESCORRELATES OF POVERTYCROWDING OUTDECENTRALIZATIONDECLINE IN POVERTYDECLINE IN POVERTY RATESDROUGHTECONOMIC CRISISECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC SHOCKSELIGIBILITY CRITERIAEMERGENCY ASSISTANCEEMPLOYMENT PROGRAMSENERGY SUBSIDIESFEE WAIVERSFEMALE PARTICIPATIONFINANCIAL CRISISFOOD RATIONFOOD SUBSIDIESHEALTH BENEFITSHEALTH CARDSHEALTH INSURANCEHEALTH SERVICESHIGH INEQUALITYHIGH UNEMPLOYMENT RATESHOUSEHOLD SURVEYHOUSEHOLD SURVEYSHOUSINGHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN CAPITAL FORMATIONHUMAN DEVELOPMENTHUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEXHUMAN RESOURCESIMPACT ON POVERTYINCOMEINCOME INEQUALITYINCOME QUINTILEINCOME SUPPORTINEQUALITYINFORMAL EMPLOYMENTINFORMAL SAFETY NETSINSURANCEINSURANCE SCHEMESINVENTORYLABOR INTENSIVE WORKSMALNOURISHED CHILDRENMALNUTRITIONMEANS TESTMEANS TESTINGMICRO-CREDITNATIONAL POVERTYNATIONAL POVERTY LINENATIONAL POVERTY LINESNATURAL DISASTERSNEEDY FAMILIESNUTRITION PROGRAMPEOPLE WITH DISABILITIESPER CAPITA CONSUMPTIONPERSONS WITH DISABILITIESPOLITICAL ECONOMYPOORPOOR ADULTSPOOR CHILDRENPOOR FAMILIESPOOR HOUSEHOLDPOOR HOUSEHOLDSPOOR PERSONPOORER FAMILIESPOVERTY IMPACTPOVERTY LINEPOVERTY LINESPOVERTY RATEPOVERTY RATESPOVERTY REDUCTIONPOVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGYPOVERTY RISKPREVENTIVE CAREPRICE SUBSIDIESPRODUCTIVITYPUBLIC TRANSPORTATIONPURCHASING POWERREDISTRIBUTIVE POLICIESREGIONAL AVERAGESREGIONAL WORKSHOPSRESPONSE TO CRISESRURALRURAL AREASRURAL POVERTYRURAL POVERTY RATESRURAL RESIDENTSSAFETY NET SYSTEMSSAVINGSSCHOOL ATTENDANCESCHOOL ENROLLMENTSEWAGESHOCKSKILLS TRAININGSOCIAL BENEFITSSOCIAL CONTRACTSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTSOCIAL PROTECTIONSOCIAL SAFETY NETSOCIAL SAFETY NETSSOCIAL SECURITYSOCIAL SERVICESSOCIAL WELFARESSNSUBSIDIZATIONSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTTARGETED TRANSFERSTARGETINGTEMPORARY ASSISTANCETEMPORARY EMPLOYMENTTEMPORARY SUPPORTTRANSFER PROGRAMTRANSFER PROGRAMSUNEMPLOYMENTUNIVERSAL SUBSIDIESVOUCHERSVULNERABILITY TO POVERTYVULNERABLE CITIZENSVULNERABLE FAMILIESVULNERABLE GROUPSVULNERABLE HOUSEHOLDSVULNERABLE MEMBERSVULNERABLE POPULATIONSWELFARE DISTRIBUTIONWORKFAREWORKS AGENCYZAKATWorld Bank10.1596/12261