Masters, William A.Anderson, Kym2017-09-072017-09-072008-09https://hdl.handle.net/10986/28191This chapter begins with a brief summary of economic growth and structural changes in the region since the 1950s and of agricultural and other economic policy developments as they affected the farm sector at the time of and in various stages after independence from colonial powers. The chapter then summarizes estimates of the nominal rate of assistance (NRA) and the relative rate of assistance (RRA) to farmers delivered by national farm and nonfarm policies over the past several decades, as well as the impact of these policies on the consumer prices of farm products, using the project's methodology (Anderson et al. 2008). The final sections point to what the author have learned and draw out implications of the findings, including for poverty and inequality and for possible future directions of policies affecting agricultural incentives in Africa.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOABSOLUTE POVERTYABSOLUTE TERMSAGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENTAGRICULTURAL ECONOMICSAGRICULTURAL LANDAGRICULTURAL OUTPUTAGRICULTURAL POLICYAGRICULTURAL PRICEAGRICULTURAL PRICESAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTSAGRICULTURAL RESEARCHAGRICULTURAL SECTORAGRICULTURAL SECTORSAGRICULTUREAID DONORSBORDER PRICECAPITAL FLOWSCAPITAL INFLOWSCASH CROPSCENTRAL PLANNINGCOLONIALISMCOMMODITIESCOMMODITYCOMMODITY PRICESCOMPARATIVE ADVANTAGECONSUMER PRICESCONSUMERSCROPSCUSTOMS UNIONDECLINE IN POVERTYDEMOGRAPHICDEPOSITSDEREGULATIONDEVALUATIONDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPING COUNTRYDEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCEDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICSDEVELOPMENT STRATEGIESDOLLAR VALUEDOLLAR VALUESDOMESTIC MARKETSDOMESTIC PRICEDOMESTIC PRICESECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC OUTCOMESECONOMIC STRESSESEXCHANGE RATEEXCHANGE RATESEXPENDITUREEXPENDITURESEXPORT SECTOREXPORTSEXTENSIONEXTREME POVERTYFARM ACTIVITIESFARM GROWTHFARM HOUSEHOLDSFARM OUTPUTFARM PRODUCTIONFARM PRODUCTSFARM SECTORFARMERFARMERSFARMING ACTIVITIESFISCAL DEFICITSFOOD CONSUMERSFOOD PRICESFOOD STAPLESFOREIGN EXCHANGEFREE MARKETSFREE TRADEGDPGDP PER CAPITAGLOBAL EXPORTSGLOBAL GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTGOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONGOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONSGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTGROSS VALUEINCOMEINCOME GROUPINCOME GROWTHINCOME INEQUALITYINCOME LEVELSINFLATIONINPUT PRICESINTEGRATIONINTEREST RATESITCLDCSLIVELIHOODSLIVESTOCKLIVESTOCK PRODUCTSLOW-INCOME COUNTRIESMARKET CONDITIONSMARKET FORCESMARKET INCENTIVESMARKET PRICESMARKETINGMARKETING BOARDSMERCHANDISEMERCHANDISE EXPORTSMILKMONEY SUPPLYMONOPOLIESMULTILATERAL TRADENATIONAL INCOMENATIONAL POVERTYOUTPUT PER CAPITAOUTPUTSPER CAPITA INCOMESPOLITICAL ECONOMYPOVERTY ALLEVIATIONPOVERTY INCIDENCEPOVERTY MEASURESPOVERTY REDUCTIONPOVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGYPOVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY PAPERSPRICE COMPARISONSPRICE DISTORTIONPRICE DISTORTIONSPRICE POLICIESPRICING POLICIESPRICING POLICYPRIVATE SECTORPRIVATIZATIONPRODUCER INCENTIVESPRODUCER PRICEPRODUCT QUALITYPRODUCTION TECHNOLOGYPUBLIC GOODR&DRAPID ECONOMIC GROWTHREAL GDPREGIONAL AVERAGEREGIONAL AVERAGESRURAL AREASRURAL INFRASTRUCTURERURAL POORRURAL POVERTYRURAL PUBLICSAFEGUARDSSHARE OF WORLD TRADESMALL COUNTRIESSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTSTOCKSSTRUCTURAL CHANGETAXTAX RATESTAXATIONTAXATION RATESTRADE LIBERALIZATIONTRADE NEGOTIATIONSTRADE POLICIESTRADE POLICYTRADE TAXESURUGUAY ROUNDVALUE ADDEDWORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORSWORLD TRADE ORGANIZATIONWTOWorking PaperWorld Bank10.1596/28191