World Bank2013-08-162013-08-1620030-8213-5574-0https://hdl.handle.net/10986/15116The book describes why expanding trade, and investment is vital for the Middle East and North Africa region. The greatest economic challenge is to create enough jobs for its rapidly growing labor force, which is increasingly young, and educated, to ward off threats to social, and political stability, inherent in high unemployment rates. This effort requires higher, and more sustainable, economic growth than has been achieved in the past two decades. Expanding trade, and private investment offers the best hope. The potential is enormous, given the region's human resources, skills, location, and opportunities. The book also analyzes why the region has yet to tap fully into the rich stream of global commerce, and investment - and the measures needed to do so, including improvements in the domestic investment climate, and reforms in the policies of the region's trading partners.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCESSION AGREEMENTSAGREEMENT ON TRADEAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTSAGRICULTURAL TRADEAGRICULTURAL TRADE LIBERALIZATIONAGRICULTUREBALANCE OF PAYMENTSBORDER TRADECOMMON STANDARDSCOMPETITIVENESSCONSUMER PRICE INDEXCONSUMERSCPICUSTOMSCUSTOMS UNIONDEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCEDEVELOPMENT STRATEGYDOMESTIC INVESTMENT CLIMATEDOMESTIC LABORDOMESTIC REFORMSDOMESTIC SUBSIDIESECONOMIC CONDITIONSECONOMIC COOPERATIONECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC INTEGRATIONECONOMIC RELATIONSECONOMIC RESEARCHEMPIRICAL EVIDENCEEMPLOYMENTEXCHANGE RATEEXCHANGE RATE POLICIESEXCHANGE RATESEXPANDING TRADEEXPORT GROWTHEXPORT MARKETSEXPORT OPPORTUNITIESEXPORT PERFORMANCEEXPORT PROCESSINGEXPORT PROCESSING ZONESEXPORT PROMOTIONEXPORT SUBSIDIESEXPORT-ORIENTED ACTIVITIESEXPORTERSEXPORTSFINANCIAL FLOWSFINANCIAL SERVICESFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTFOREIGN INVESTORSFREE MOVEMENT OF LABORFREE TRADEFREE TRADE AGREEMENTFREE TRADE AREAGDPGLOBAL COMMERCEGLOBAL INTEGRATIONGLOBAL MARKETGLOBAL MARKETSGLOBAL PRODUCTIONGLOBAL TRADEGLOBAL TRADE ANALYSISGLOBAL WELFAREGNPGRAVITY MODELSGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTGROSS NATIONAL PRODUCTIMPORT QUOTASIMPORT TARIFFIMPORT TAXESIMPORTSINCOMEINCOME COUNTRIESINCOME DISTRIBUTIONINDUSTRY TRADEINSURANCEINTEGRATING COUNTRIESINTERNATIONAL MARKETSINTERNATIONAL STANDARDINTERNATIONAL STANDARDSINTERNATIONAL TRADEINTRAINDUSTRY TRADEINTRAREGIONAL TRADEINVESTMENT CLIMATEINVESTMENT FLOWSINVESTMENT REFORMSINVESTMENT RESPONSELABOR COSTSLABOR FORCELABOR MARKETSLABOR SERVICESLEGAL STATUSLIBERALIZING SERVICESLIBERALIZING TRADELOWERING PROTECTIONMARKET ACCESSMARKET SHAREMARKET SHARESMERCHANDISE TRADEMONOPOLIESNATIONAL ECONOMIESNATIONAL INCOMENATURAL RESOURCESNONTARIFF BARRIERSOILOIL PRICESOIL REVENUESOPECOPEN ECONOMIESOPEN TRADEOPENNESSORGANIZATION OF PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIESPER CAPITA INCOMEPER CAPITA INCOMESPOLICY REFORMSPOLITICAL ECONOMYPOLITICAL ECONOMY OF REFORMPRIVATE INVESTMENTPRIVATE SECTORPRODUCERSPRODUCTION CHAINSPRODUCTIVITYPRODUCTIVITY CHANGEPROTECTION RATESPUBLIC GOODSPUBLIC SECTORPURCHASING POWERREGIONAL AGREEMENTSREGIONAL INTEGRATIONREGIONAL INTEGRATION AGREEMENTSREGIONAL TRADEREGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTSREGULATORY REFORMRESTRICTIVE RULES OF ORIGINSAFETY NETSSHARE OF WORLD EXPORTSSPECIALIZATIONSTRUCTURAL REFORMSSUBSIDIARY RIGHTSTARIFF RATESTECHNOLOGICAL CHANGETELECOMMUNICATIONSTOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITYTOURISMTRADETRADE AGREEMENTTRADE CLASSIFICATIONTRADE COSTSTRADE EXPANSIONTRADE INTEGRATIONTRADE LIBERALIZATIONTRADE OPENNESSTRADE POLICIESTRADE POLICYTRADE POLICY REFORMSTRADE PROTECTIONTRADE REFORMTRADE REFORMSTRADE REGIMESTRADING PARTNERTRADING PARTNERSTRANSACTION COSTSTRANSITION COUNTRIESTRANSPORT COSTSTRANSPORT SERVICESUNEMPLOYMENTUNEMPLOYMENT RATEUNEMPLOYMENT RATESVALUATIONVALUATIONVALUE ADDEDWAGESWELFARE GAINSWORLDWORLD MARKETWORLD MARKETSWORLD TRADEWORLD TRADE ORGANIZATIONWTO TRADE DEVELOPMENTINVESTMENT ENVIRONMENTGLOBAL INTEGRATIONLABOR FORCE PARTICIPATIONECONOMIC POLICY & PLANNINGPOLITICAL STABILITYGROWTH PATTERNSOIL REVENUESCOMPETITIVENESSLABOR MIGRATIONJOB CREATIONEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESPRODUCTIVITY GROWTHFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTSCROSS-COUNTRY EXPERIENCEWOMEN'S PARTICIPATIONTRADE INTEGRATIONWorld Bank10.1596/0-8213-5574-0