Hou, Dingyong2012-08-132012-08-132011-04https://hdl.handle.net/10986/10100The Kyrgyz Republic spends tremendous resources on education. More than 20 percent of total public expenditure, but outcomes are poor. The Kyrgyz Republic was ranked last in math, science and reading among nations that participated in the 2006 and 2009 rounds of the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA). The National Sample-Based Achievement Test (NSBA) showed the same trend of underachievement. A joint World Bank Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) review was initiated to unlock the major gaps between the educational aspirations of the Kyrgyz Republic and the achievement of reforms in a number of policy areas. Systemic, sector-wide reforms for reversing the trend of high spending, low impact and poor results were recommended.CC BY 3.0 IGOACCREDITATIONADULT EDUCATIONBASIC EDUCATIONCAREERCIVIL SERVICEDISADVANTAGED CHILDRENEARLY CHILDHOODEARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENTEARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATIONEDUCATIONEDUCATION POLICIESEDUCATION QUALITYEDUCATION REFORMEDUCATION STRATEGYEDUCATION SYSTEMEDUCATIONAL ASPIRATIONSEDUCATIONAL GOALSEDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONSEDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVESEDUCATIONAL OUTCOMESEDUCATIONAL REFORMEDUCATORSENROLMENTSEQUITABLE ACCESSEXAMEXAM QUESTIONSFUNCTIONAL LITERACYHIGHER EDUCATIONHIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONSHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN RESOURCESINVESTMENTITSKNOWLEDGELEADERSHIPLEARNINGLEARNING ACHIEVEMENTLEARNING ACHIEVEMENTSLEARNING MATERIALSLEARNING RESOURCESLITERATUREMATHEMATICSMINISTRY OF EDUCATIONNATIONAL ACCREDITATIONNATIONAL CURRICULUMNATIONAL CURRICULUM FRAMEWORKNATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS FRAMEWORKNUMERACYPRE-SCHOOL EDUCATIONPUBLIC EXPENDITUREPUPILSQUALITY ASSURANCEQUALITY OF EDUCATIONQUALITY OF HIGHER EDUCATIONQUALITY OF TEACHINGQUALITY STANDARDSRE-TRAININGREADINGRESEARCHRESEARCHERSRURAL AREASSCHOOLSCHOOL AUTONOMYSCHOOL CURRICULUMSCHOOL DROPSCHOOL DROP-OUT RATESSCHOOL EDUCATIONSCHOOL LEAVERSSCHOOL LIBRARIESSCHOOL NETWORKSCHOOL PERFORMANCESCHOOL TEACHERSSCHOOL-AGESCHOOL-AGE CHILDRENSCHOOL-LEAVERSSCHOOLINGSCIENCESCIENTISTSSECONDARY SCHOOLSERVICE TRAININGSKILLSSMALL SCHOOLSSOCIAL SCIENCESPECIAL EDUCATIONAL NEEDSSTATISTICSSTUDENTSTUDENT ACHIEVEMENTSTUDENT ASSESSMENTSTUDENT ASSESSMENT SYSTEMSSTUDENT ATTAINMENTSTUDENT LEARNINGSTUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMESSTUDENT-TEACHER RATIOSTUDENTSSTUDYTEACHERTEACHER EDUCATIONTEACHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONSTEACHER MANAGEMENTTEACHER QUALITYTEACHER SALARIESTEACHERSTEACHINGTEACHING FORCETEACHING PRACTICETEACHING-LEARNINGTECHNOLOGYTESTINGTEXTBOOKTEXTBOOK DEVELOPMENTTEXTBOOK RENTALTEXTBOOK RENTAL SCHEMETEXTBOOKSTRAININGUNDERACHIEVEMENTUNIVERSITIESVOCATIONAL EDUCATIONVOCATIONAL TRAININGWOMENYOUNG PEOPLEWorld Bank10.1596/10100