Canning, MaryGodfrey, MartinHolzer-Zelazewska, Dorota2012-05-312012-05-312007978-0-8213-7157-2https://hdl.handle.net/10986/6749This report explores the fiscal aspects of vocational education reform in the context of secondary education as a whole and considers the implications of any changes in the vocational education (VE) system for post-secondary and other modes of skill development. The report begins by describing the inherited system of vocational education in the former socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe which was based on the assumption that everyone had to be trained for a specific occupation before starting work and that it was the function of vocational schools to provide such training. The report explores the scope for improvements in fiscal efficiency via a number of propositions about VE in the EU8 countries today: a) It would not be possible or advisable to fund adequately a traditional VE system which would provide ready-to-work recruits with narrowly specialized skills for the economy's enterprises; b) One way to reduce costs to government would be to locate practical training entirely in-plant but this is increasingly difficult; c) EU8 employers' traditional expectations of a fully-subsidized VE system delivering ready-to-work, specifically-skilled recruits are unreasonable; d) Traditional VE was the traditional answer to the question "What to do with those who have performed less well in basic education?" but this answer no longer convinces; and e) Parents and students are showing an increasing preference for general education (GE) over VE. Each of these propositions was discussed in this report not with a view to prescribing a detailed "one-size-fits-all" strategy for all the EU8 countries, but rather to deriving some principles that continued reform of VE could take into account, to the benefit of fiscal efficiency.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOABILITY LEVELSACADEMIC STUDIESACADEMIC SUBJECTSACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATIONACCREDITATIONADULT LITERACYADULTSAPPRENTICESHIP MODELART SCHOOLSBASIC EDUCATIONBENEFITS OF EDUCATIONCAREERCAREER COUNSELINGCAREERSCOLLEGESCOMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIESCOMPUTER SKILLSCORE COMPETENCIESCORE CURRICULUMCURRICULACURRICULUMDECENTRALIZATIONDISADVANTAGED STUDENTSEDUCATION EXPANSIONEDUCATION LEVELEDUCATION POLICIESEDUCATION REFORMEDUCATION STUDENTSEDUCATION SYSTEMEDUCATION SYSTEMSEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTEDUCATIONAL BUDGETEDUCATIONAL EXPENDITUREEDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONSEDUCATIONAL RESEARCHEDUCATIONAL SYSTEMELEMENTARY SCHOOLEMPLOYMENTEQUITABLE ACCESSEXAMEXPENDITURESFOREIGN LANGUAGESFORMULA FUNDINGFURTHER EDUCATIONGENERAL EDUCATIONGENERAL SECONDARY EDUCATIONGLOBAL COMPETITIVENESSGLOBAL LABOR MARKETGROSS ENROLLMENTGROSS ENROLLMENT RATESHIGHER EDUCATIONHIGHER EDUCATION EXPANSIONHIGHER EDUCATION FINANCINGHIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONHIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONSHUMAN DEVELOPMENTHUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENTHUMAN RESOURCESIN SERVICE TEACHER TRAININGINSTRUCTIONINSTRUCTORSINTERNSHIPSINVESTMENTS IN EDUCATIONJOB MARKETLABOR FORCELABOR MARKET NEEDSLABOUR MARKETLEARNERSLEARNING OPPORTUNITIESLEARNING STRATEGIESLEVEL OF EDUCATIONLIFE LONG LEARNINGLIFELONG LEARNINGLITERACYLITERACY LEVELSLITERACY SKILLSLITERACY SURVEYLOWER SECONDARY EDUCATIONLOWER SECONDARY LEVELMINISTRIES OF EDUCATIONMINISTRY OF EDUCATIONMOBILITYNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANSNUMBER OF SCHOOLSNUMBER OF STUDENTSNUMBER OF STUDENTS PER TEACHEROCCUPATIONSPAPERSPRACTICAL ACTIVITIESPRACTICAL EXAMINATIONSPRE-SCHOOL EDUCATIONPRIMARY EDUCATIONPRIMARY SCHOOLPRINTINGPRIVATE INSTITUTIONSPRIVATE TRAININGPRIVATE TRAINING INSTITUTIONSPROBLEM SOLVINGPROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLSPROFESSIONAL LIFEPUBLIC EXPENDITUREPUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATIONPUBLIC FUNDSPUPILSQUALIFIED TEACHERSQUALITY ASSURANCERE-TRAININGREADINGRESEARCH INSTITUTESRESEARCHERSSCHOLARSHIPSSCHOOL AUTONOMYSCHOOL CURRICULASCHOOL EDUCATIONSCHOOL LEAVERSSCHOOL QUALITYSCHOOL STAFFSCHOOL STUDENTSSCHOOL SYSTEMSCHOOL SYSTEMSSCHOOL TEACHERSSCHOOL TEACHINGSCHOOL WORKSHOPSSCHOOL-AGESCHOOL-AGE CHILDRENSCHOOLINGSECONDARY EDUCATIONSECONDARY SCHOOLSECONDARY SCHOOL LEAVERSSECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERSSECONDARY SCHOOLSSECONDARY STUDENTSSECONDARY VOCATIONAL EDUCATIONSKILL DEVELOPMENTSKILLED WORKERSSKILLS DEVELOPMENTSKILLS TRAININGSOCIAL BENEFITSSPORTSSTIPENDSSTUDENT ASSESSMENTSTUDENT PERFORMANCETEACHERTEACHER TRAININGTEACHERSTEACHINGTEACHING PERSONNELTEACHING STAFFTECHNICAL EDUCATIONTECHNICAL SKILLSTRADE UNIONSTRAINEESTRAINING CENTERSTRAINING COURSESTRAINING FACILITIESTRAINING FOR TEACHERSTRAINING MATERIALSTUITIONTUITION FEESTYPES OF EDUCATIONUNEMPLOYMENT RATEUNEMPLOYMENT RATESUNIVERSITIESUNIVERSITY GRADUATESVISITS TO SCHOOLSVOCATIONAL COURSESVOCATIONAL EDUCATIONVOCATIONAL EDUCATION PROGRAMSVOCATIONAL SCHOOLVOCATIONAL SCHOOLSVOCATIONAL STUDENTSVOCATIONAL TRAININGVOCATIONAL TRAINING CENTREWESTERN EUROPEWORKING HOURSYOUNG PEOPLEYOUTHWorld Bank10.1596/978-0-8213-7157-2