Čihák, MartinDemirgüç-Kunt, AslıPería, María Soledad MartinezMohseni-Cheraghlou, Amin2013-01-252013-01-252012-12https://hdl.handle.net/10986/12159This paper presents the latest update of the World Bank Bank Regulation and Supervision Survey, and explores two questions. First, were there significant differences in regulation and supervision between crisis and non-crisis countries? Second, what aspects of regulation and supervision changed significantly during the crisis period? The paper finds significant differences between crisis and non-crisis countries in several aspects of regulation and supervision. In particular, crisis countries (a) had less stringent definitions of capital and lower actual capital ratios, (b) faced fewer restrictions on non-bank activities, (c) were less strict in the regulatory treatment of bad loans and loan losses, and (d) had weaker incentives for the private sector to monitor banks' risks. Survey results also suggest that the overall regulatory response to the crisis has been slow, and there is room to improve regulation and supervision, as well as private incentives to monitor risk-taking. Specifically, comparing regulatory and supervisory practices before and after the global crisis, the paper finds relatively few changes: capital ratios increased (primarily among non-crisis countries), deposit insurance schemes became more generous, and some reforms were introduced in the area of bank governance and bank resolution.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCOUNTINGACCOUNTING PRACTICESACCOUNTING STANDARDSADVANCED COUNTRIESADVANCED ECONOMIESAFFILIATESASSET CLASSIFICATIONASSET DIVERSIFICATIONASSET SALESAUDITINGAUDITSBALANCE SHEETBALANCE SHEETSBANK ACTIVITIESBANK BRANCHESBANK CAPITALIZATIONBANK DEBTBANK DEBTSBANK EXAMINATIONBANK HOLDINGBANK HOLDING COMPANIESBANK INSOLVENCYBANK INSOLVENCY FRAMEWORKBANK MANAGEMENTBANK OFFICEBANK OPERATIONSBANK REGULATIONBANK REGULATIONSBANK RISKSBANK SUPERVISIONBANKING CRISESBANKING CRISISBANKING SECTORBANKING SUPERVISIONBANKING SYSTEMBANKING SYSTEM ASSETSBANKRUPTCYBANKSBONDSBORROWERBUSINESS STRATEGYCAPITAL ADEQUACYCAPITAL RATIOCAPITAL RATIOSCAPITAL REGULATIONCAPITAL REQUIREMENTCAPITAL REQUIREMENTSCENTRAL BANKCENTRAL BANKSCOMMERCIAL BANKCOMMERCIAL BANKSCOMMERCIAL PAPERCONFLICT OF INTERESTCONSOLIDATED SUPERVISIONCONSOLIDATIONCONSUMER LENDINGCONSUMER PROTECTIONCREDIT MARKETSCREDIT RATINGCREDIT RATINGSCREDIT RISKCRISIS COUNTRIESDEBTDEBT CAPITALDEBT INSTRUMENTSDEBTSDEDUCTIBLEDEPOSITDEPOSIT INSURANCEDEPOSIT INSURANCE AGENCYDEPOSIT INSURANCE COVERAGEDEPOSIT INSURANCE SCHEMEDEPOSIT INSURANCE SCHEMESDEPOSIT PROTECTIONDEPOSITORDEPOSITORSDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPING ECONOMIESDISBURSEMENTDISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTSDIVIDENDSDOMESTIC BANKDOMESTIC BANKSECONOMIC POLICYEDUCATIONAL BACKGROUNDEMERGING MARKETSENFORCEMENT POWERSENTRY REQUIREMENTSEQUALITYEQUITY CAPITALEQUITY INVESTMENTEXPLICIT DEPOSIT INSURANCEEXPOSUREEXPOSURESEXTERNAL AUDITORSEXTERNAL CREDIT RATINGSFAILURE RESOLUTIONFINANCIAL ACCOUNTSFINANCIAL CAPACITYFINANCIAL CONGLOMERATEFINANCIAL CONGLOMERATESFINANCIAL CRISISFINANCIAL INFORMATIONFINANCIAL INSTITUTIONFINANCIAL INSTITUTIONSFINANCIAL INTERMEDIATIONFINANCIAL MARKETFINANCIAL POLICIESFINANCIAL REGULATIONFINANCIAL SECTORSFINANCIAL SERVICESFINANCIAL STABILITYFINANCIAL STATEMENTSFINANCIAL SYSTEMFOREIGN BANKFOREIGN BANKSFOREIGN BORROWERSFOREIGN CURRENCIESFOREIGN CURRENCYFOREIGN CURRENCY DEPOSITSFUNDING SOURCESGLOBAL ECONOMICSGOOD FAITHGOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONGOVERNMENT OWNERSHIPGOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP OF BANKSGOVERNMENT SECURITIESGOVERNMENT SUPPORTGUARANTEE OF DEPOSITSHOLDINGHOLDING COMPANIESHOLDING COMPANYINCOMEINCOME CATEGORIESINCOME GROUPSINCOME STATEMENTINDIVIDUAL BANKSINFORMATION DISCLOSUREINSURANCE ACTIVITIESINSURANCE AGENCYINSURANCE COMPANYINSURANCE PROTECTIONINSURED DEPOSITSINTERNAL CONTROLSINTERNATIONAL BANKINTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTINVESTMENT BANKINGISSUANCEISSUANCE OF BONDSJOINT VENTUREJOINT VENTURESJURISDICTIONJURISDICTIONSLAWSLEGAL ACTIONLEGAL ACTIONSLEGAL AUTHORITYLEGAL PROTECTIONLEGISLATIONLEVERAGELIQUID ASSETSLIQUIDATIONLIQUIDATION PROCEDURESLIQUIDITYLIQUIDITY MANAGEMENTLOANLOAN LOSSESMANDATESMARKET ACCESSMATURITYNON-PERFORMING LOANSOUTPUTPRINCIPAL PAYMENTSPRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENTPRUDENTIAL REGULATIONPUBLIC DISCLOSUREREAL ESTATEREGULATORREGULATORSREGULATORY CAPITALREGULATORY FRAMEWORKREGULATORY FRAMEWORKSREGULATORY REQUIREMENTREGULATORY REQUIREMENTSREGULATORY TREATMENTRESERVERESERVE REQUIREMENTSRESERVESRESTORATIONRESTORATION PLANRESTRICTIONS ON BANK ACTIVITIESRISK MANAGEMENTRISK MANAGEMENT SYSTEMSRISK PROFILESAVINGSSECURITIES ACTIVITIESSHARE OF ASSETSSHAREHOLDERSHAREHOLDERSSOURCE OF FUNDSSUBSIDIARIESSUBSIDIARYSUPERVISION OF BANKSSUPERVISORY AGENCIESSUPERVISORY AGENCYSUPERVISORY FRAMEWORKSUPERVISORY POWERSSYSTEMIC BANKING CRISESSYSTEMIC BANKING CRISISSYSTEMIC CRISISTAXTAX DEDUCTIBLETIER 1 CAPITALTRANSACTIONWORLD ECONOMYWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-6286