Fleischhaker, CorneliusCanuto, OtavianoSchellekens, Philip2015-04-302015-04-302015-04https://hdl.handle.net/10986/21840Although Brazil has become one of the largest economies in the world, it remains among the most closed economies as measured by the share of exports and imports in gross domestic product. This feature cannot be explained simply by the size of Brazils economy. Rather, it is due to an economic structure reliant on domestic value chain integration as opposed to participation in global production networking. It also reflects more generally an export base that shows lack of dynamism. Opening up and moving toward integration into global value chains could produce efficiency gains and help Brazil address its productivity and competitiveness challenges.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOEXPORT VALUEPROTECTIONIST MEASURESINVESTORSVALUE ADDEDOPPORTUNITY COSTCLOSED ECONOMIESURBANIZATIONPRODUCTIONINTERNATIONAL TRADELAGSBARRIERSFINANCIAL CRISISINCOMEVALUECOMPETITIVENESSIMPORT VALUESTRADE BARRIERSMACROECONOMICSPURCHASING POWEREXCHANGECOMPARATIVE ADVANTAGESGDP PER CAPITAPROTECTIONISTDOMESTIC MARKETEXPORTSEXPORTERSECONOMIC STRUCTUREINTERMEDIATE GOODSWORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORSDEVALUATIONDISTRIBUTIONVARIABLESOPENNESSTRADE OPENNESSTRANSACTION COSTSINPUTSTRADE SURPLUSSMALL COUNTRYACTUAL VALUEEXPORT BASEPROTECTIONISMINTERNATIONAL BANKCLOSED ECONOMYSKILLED LABORCAPITAL GOODSPRODUCTION PROCESSTRADEPUBLIC POLICYGDPGOODSCOST REDUCTIONSECONOMIES OF SCALEGLOBAL ECONOMYNATURAL RESOURCEDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICSDOMESTIC PRODUCTIONSHAREMEASURE OF TRADEPRIVATE INVESTORSGLOBALIZATIONWTOPOLICY RESEARCHEXCHANGE RATEOPEN ECONOMYACCESSINCOME LEVELSIMPORTSTRADE POLICYCOMMODITY PRICESCOMMODITYGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTAVERAGE TRADEPRICESDEVELOPMENT POLICYWorking PaperWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-7228