Pieters, JannekeGaddis, Isis2014-12-032014-12-032014-11https://hdl.handle.net/10986/20621This paper investigates gender differences in the impact of Brazil's trade liberalization on labor market outcomes. To identify the causal effect of trade reforms, the paper uses difference-in-difference estimation exploiting variation across microregions in pre-liberalization industry composition. The analysis finds that trade liberalization reduced male and female labor force participation and employment rates, but the effects on men were significantly larger. Thereby, tariff reductions contributed to gender convergence in labor force participation and employment rates. Gender differences are concentrated among the low-skilled population and in the tradable sector, where male and female workers are most likely to be imperfect substitutes.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOAGGREGATE ANALYSESAGREEMENT ON TRADEAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTSAPPARELAVERAGE TARIFFCAPITAL ACCOUNTCAPITAL FLOWSCAPITAL INFLOWSCAPITAL INVESTMENTCAPITAL INVESTMENTSCHANGES IN TRADECHILD LABORCOMPARATIVE ADVANTAGECOMPETITIVE EFFECTS OF TRADECOUNTRY-SPECIFIC FACTORSCURRENCYCUSTOMSCUSTOMS UNIONDEBT CRISESDECLINING UNEMPLOYMENTDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICSDISCRIMINATIONDISPLACED WORKERSDISPLACEMENTDIVISION OF LABOREMPLOYEEEMPLOYMENTEMPLOYMENT EFFECTSEMPLOYMENT GROWTHEMPLOYMENT IMPACTSEMPLOYMENT RATEEMPLOYMENT RATESEMPLOYMENT SHAREEMPLOYMENT STATUSEMPLOYMENT TRENDSEXPORT OPPORTUNITIESEXPORT ORIENTATIONEXPORT PROMOTIONEXPORT SECTORSEXPORTSEXTERNAL TARIFFFEMALE EMPLOYMENTFEMALE LABORFEMALE LABOR FORCEFEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATIONFEMALE WORKERSFIRM PRODUCTIVITYFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTFOREIGN PRODUCTSGENDERGENDER DIFFERENCESGENDER DISCRIMINATIONGENDER EQUALITYGENDER GAPGENDER GAPSGENDER IMPLICATIONSGENDER INEQUALITIESGENDER INEQUALITYGENDER SEGREGATIONGENERAL EQUILIBRIUMGIRLSGLOBALIZATIONHOUSEHOLD SURVEYHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN RESOURCESIMPACT OF TRADEIMPACT OF TRADE LIBERALIZATIONIMPACT OF TRADE REFORMSIMPORT PENETRATIONIMPORT TARIFFIMPORT TARIFFSINCOMEINCOME INEQUALITYINNOVATIONINTERMEDIATE GOODSINTERMEDIATE INPUTSINTERNATIONAL ECONOMICSINTERNATIONAL TRADEJOB LOSSESJOBSLABOR ECONOMICSLABOR FORCE PARTICIPATIONLABOR MARKETLABOR MARKET IMPACTLABOR MARKET OUTCOMESLABOR MOVEMENTSLABOR ORGANIZATIONLABOR REALLOCATIONLABOR RELATIONSLABOR SUPPLYLABOURLABOUR OFFICELOCAL LABOR MARKETLOCAL LABOR MARKETSMALE WORKERSMANUFACTURING INDUSTRIESMARKET ACCESSMEASURE OF TRADEMETAL PRODUCTSMULTILATERAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONSNON-TARIFF BARRIERSNONTARIFF TRADE BARRIERSOCCUPATIONSPERMANENT JOBSPOLITICAL ECONOMYPRESENT ANALYSISPRIVATE SECTORPRODUCT MARKETSPRODUCTION PROCESSPRODUCTIVITY GROWTHPROTECTION MEASURESPROTECTIONISTRATES OF PROTECTIONREDUCTION IN TARIFFSREGIONAL TRADESECONDARY SCHOOLINGSEXUAL DIVISION OF LABORSKILL GROUPSKILLED WOMENSKILLED WORKERSSPECIALIZATIONTARIFF BARRIERSTARIFF CHANGESTARIFF DATATARIFF DISPERSIONTARIFF LEVELSTARIFF RATETARIFF RATESTARIFF REDUCTIONTARIFF REDUCTIONSTARIFF REFORMTARIFF STRUCTURETEMPORARY EMPLOYMENTTOTAL EMPLOYMENTTRADE ADJUSTMENTTRADE BARRIERSTRADE BLOCTRADE FLOWSTRADE LIBERALIZATIONTRADE LIBERALIZATION PERIODTRADE NEGOTIATIONSTRADE OPENNESSTRADE POLICYTRADE POLICY REVIEWTRADE PROTECTIONTRADE REFORMTRADE REFORMSTRADE RESTRICTIONSUNEMPLOYEDUNEMPLOYMENTUNEMPLOYMENT RATEUNEMPLOYMENT RATESUNSKILLED WORKERSWAGE BILLWAGE GAPWAGE INEQUALITYWAGESWORKERWORKERS10.1596/1813-9450-7095