de la Torre, AugustoMessina, JulianPienknagura, Samuel2012-12-042012-12-042012-10978-0-8213-9773-2https://hdl.handle.net/10986/11884After a robust recovery following the global crisis, Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) has entered into a phase of lower growth dynamics: economic activity in the region is expected to expand by about 3 percent in 2012, after having grown at 4 percent in 2011 and 6 percent in 2010. This deceleration is not specific to LAC but is part of a global slowdown. World growth is indeed declining sharply, from 4.5 percent in 2011 to about 2.3 percent in 2012. Notably, the slowdown in middle-income regions has taken place in a highly synchronized manner: growth rates in LAC, Eastern Europe and South East Asia have fallen by a very similar magnitude (about 3 percentage points) between 2010 and 2012. While this synchronization reflects exogenous (global) forces the spillover to emerging markets of weaker activity in the world's growth poles, particularly Europe and China it also reflects endogenous (internal) dynamics, particularly the fact that many Middle Income Countries (MIC) had already reached in 2010-2011 the peak of their own business cycles. This synchronicity notwithstanding, the 2012 growth forecasts for individual countries in LAC are significantly heterogeneous, reflecting complex interactions between external and country-specific factors. The first chapter, which is shorter, concerns the economic juncture and growth prospects. The second chapter, which is longer and more substantive, deals with selected labor issues from both the structural and cyclical viewpoints.Este informe semestral, producido por la Oficina del Economista Jefe para América Latina y el Caribe del Banco Mundial, examina pormenorizadamente los cambios más significativos que se han producido en los mercados de trabajo de los países de América Latina y el Caribe (LAC) durante la década de 1990 y la década de 2000. El informe también hace un repaso a la evolución económica reciente de la región de LAC y analiza el panorama de los próximos meses. El informe se divide en dos capítulos. El primer capítulo, más breve, analiza la coyuntura económica y las perspectivas de crecimiento. El segundo, más largo y de mayor peso, trata varios temas escogidos relacionados con el mercado laboral y lo hace tanto desde el punto de vista estructural como desde el punto de vista cíclico.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOABSOLUTE VALUEADVANCED ECONOMIESANNUAL GROWTHASSET PRICESAVERAGE SHAREBUSINESS CYCLESCAPITAL ACCUMULATIONCAPITAL FLOWSCAPITAL INFLOWCATACLYSMCENTRAL BANKCENTRAL BANKSCOLLATERALCOLLEGE EDUCATIONCOLLEGE GRADUATESCOMMODITY PRICECOMMODITY PRICE BOOMCOMMODITY PRICESCOMPETITIVE EXCHANGE RATECOMPETITIVENESSCONSENSUS FORECASTCONSENSUS FORECASTSCONSOLIDATIONCONSUMER CONFIDENCECONSUMER DEMANDCOUNTRY-SPECIFIC FACTORSCRISESCROSS-COUNTRY DATACURRENT ACCOUNTCURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCESCYCLICAL ADJUSTMENTSCYCLICAL DOWNTURNDECREASING INEQUALITYDEMAND SIDEDEPRESSIONDEVELOPED COUNTRIESDEVELOPED ECONOMIESDEVELOPING WORLDDISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTSDOMESTIC CONSUMPTIONDOMESTIC DEMANDDOWNSIDE RISKSDOWNWARD PRESSUREDOWNWARD WAGE RIGIDITIESDRIVERSDUTCH DISEASEEARNINGS INEQUALITYECONOMIC ACTIVITYECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC INCENTIVESECONOMIC MOBILITYECONOMIC RESEARCHECONOMIC THEORYEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTEDUCATIONAL LEVELEDUCATIONAL LEVELSEDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONSEMPLOYMENT CREATIONEMPLOYMENT INCREASESEMPLOYMENT SHAREEURO ZONEEUROPEAN MONETARY UNIONEXPORT VOLUMESEXPORTERSEXTERNAL SHOCKSFEMALE LABORFEMALE LABOR FORCEFINANCIAL ASSETSFINANCIAL CRISESFINANCIAL CRISISFINANCIAL INTERMEDIATIONFINANCIAL MARKETSFINANCIAL STABILITYFISCAL REFORMFOREIGN EXCHANGEGINI COEFFICIENTGLOBAL DEMANDGLOBAL SLOWDOWNGOVERNMENT BONDGROWTH ACCELERATIONGROWTH DYNAMICSGROWTH MODELGROWTH PERFORMANCEGROWTH PERFORMERSGROWTH PROSPECTSGROWTH RATEGROWTH RATESHIGH GROWTHHIGH UNEMPLOYMENTHIGH UNEMPLOYMENT RATEHIGH-SCHOOL DROPOUTSHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHOUSEHOLD INCOME INEQUALITYHUMAN CAPITALIMPORTIMPORT CONTROLSIMPORTSINCOME DISTRIBUTIONINCOMESINDEBTEDNESSINDIVIDUAL COUNTRIESINEQUALITY MEASURESINEQUALITY TRENDSINFLATION EXPECTATIONSINFLATION TARGETINFLATION TARGETINGINFLATION TARGETING REGIMESINFORMAL EMPLOYMENTINFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTINTEREST RATEINTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MARKETSINTERNATIONAL PRICESINTERNATIONAL TRENDSJOBSLABOR COSTSLABOR DEMANDLABOR FORCELABOR FORCE PARTICIPATIONLABOR MARKETLABOR MARKETSLABOR SUPPLYLEGAL STATUSLIQUIDITYLIQUIDITY SUPPORTLOCAL CURRENCYLONG-TERM GROWTHMACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTMACROECONOMIC INSTABILITYMACROECONOMIC POLICYMANUFACTURING WAGESMARKET PARTICIPANTSMARKET SHAREMEAN INCOMEMIDDLE CLASSMINIMUM WAGEMONETARY POLICYMORAL HAZARDNATURAL RESOURCENOMINAL EXCHANGE RATE0 HYPOTHESISOPPORTUNITY COSTOUTPUT GAPOUTPUT GAPSPAID WORKERSPER CAPITA INCOMEPER CAPITA INCOME LEVELSPOLICY INTERVENTIONPOOR HOUSEHOLDSPOVERTY REDUCTIONPRIMARY EDUCATIONPRODUCTIVITYPUBLIC POLICYPUBLIC TRANSFERSRAPID INCREASERATE OF GROWTHREAL APPRECIATIONREAL EXCHANGE RATEREAL EXCHANGE RATE APPRECIATIONREAL WAGEREAL WAGESRECESSIONRELATIVE DEMANDRELATIVE IMPORTANCERELATIVE INCOMEREMITTANCESREMUNERATIONRETAIL TRADERISING INEQUALITYRISK AVERSIONRISK PREMIUMSAFETYSAFETY NETSSECONDARY EDUCATIONSELF EMPLOYEDSELF EMPLOYMENTSERVICE EMPLOYMENTSERVICE INDUSTRIESSERVICE SECTORSERVICE SECTORSSINGLE CURRENCYSKILLED WORKERSSLOW GROWTHSOCIAL POLICYSOCIAL PROGRESSSOCIAL SAFETYSOCIAL SAFETY NETSSOVEREIGN DEBTSPILLOVERSTABLE INFLATIONSTANDARD DEVIATIONSTRUCTURAL REFORMSSUPPLY SIDESUPPLY-SIDETOTAL EMPLOYMENTTRADE LOSSESTRADE OPENNESSUNCERTAINTIESUNCERTAINTYUNEMPLOYEDUNEMPLOYMENTUNEMPLOYMENT RATEUNSKILLED LABORWAGE DETERMINATIONWAGE DISPERSIONWAGE DISTRIBUTIONWAGE FLEXIBILITYWAGE GAPWAGE INEQUALITYWAGE RIGIDITIESWEIGHTSWORKERSWORKFORCEWORKING CLASSWORLD DEMANDWORLD ECONOMYWORLD TRADEWorld Bank10.1596/978-0-8213-9773-2