Wu, Kin Bing2014-05-152014-05-152011-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/18375Neuroscience and longitudinal studies of early childhood development and education (ECDE) found that prenatal care and experiences from birth to the first six years (0-6), affect physical and brain development of children, and thereby the cognitive and socio-emotional development in subsequent stages of their lives. Lack of access to nutrition and health care, insufficient stimulating human interaction, and non-enrollment in pre-primary education are associated with lower educational attainment and achievement, which, in turn, reduce life-time earnings and potentially contribute to disruptive behavior to society. Investing in ECDE yields the highest economic returns because early learning and formation of good habits and social skills are far more productive than later, remedial education and training. The internal rates of return of rigorously evaluated ECDE programs range from 7 percent to 18 percent, which are higher than the rates of return to financial capital. Investments in ECDE are one of the most cost-effective strategies to break the inter-generational transmission of poverty, and to improve productivity and social cohesion in the long run. The report considers it highly desirable to universalize ECDE for the 0-6 age group in the long run because it equalizes opportunities and enhances the country's future competitiveness. But the report focuses on the medium term and advocates a two-pronged, pro-poor approach in the 12th Five Year Plan (2011-2015).en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO INFORMATIONAGE GROUPSAGEDAGINGBABIESBABYBASIC EDUCATIONBASIC KNOWLEDGEBILINGUAL EDUCATIONBOARDINGBOARDING SUBSIDIESBREAST FEEDINGCAREGIVERSCHILD CARECHILD DEVELOPMENTCHILD HEALTHCHILD HEALTH SERVICESCHILD MORTALITYCHILD PROTECTIONCHILD REARINGCHRONIC DISEASECITIZENSCLASS SIZECLASSROOMCLASSROOM MANAGEMENTCLINICSCOGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTCOGNITIVE SKILLSCOMMUNITY HEALTHCOMPULSORY EDUCATIONCURRICULUMCYCLE OF POVERTYDENTAL HEALTHDEPENDENCY RATIODEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVESDIABETESDIETDISABILITYEARLY CHILDHOODEARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENTEARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATIONEARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATORSEARLY EDUCATIONEARLY INTERVENTIONEARLY INTERVENTIONSEARLY LEARNINGEARLY STIMULATIONEARLY YEARS OF LIFEECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC INEQUALITYEDUCATION FINANCEEDUCATION SERVICESEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTEDUCATIONAL INDICATORSEDUCATIONAL SERVICESELIMINATION OF FEESEMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENTENROLLMENTENROLMENTSEQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITYEXERCISESFAMILIESFAMILY CAREFAMILY EDUCATIONFAMILY INCOMEFAMILY PLANNINGFAMILY PLANNING COMMISSIONFAMILY WELFAREFIRST AIDGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION OF POVERTYGERGIRLSGOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTSGROSS ENROLLMENTGROSS ENROLLMENT RATIOGROSS ENROLMENTGROSS ENROLMENT RATIOHEALTH CAREHEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALSHEALTH EDUCATIONHEALTH INTERVENTIONSHEALTH PROMOTIONHEALTH SERVICESHOSPITALHOSPITALSHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN DEVELOPMENTHYGIENEHYPERTENSIONIMMUNIZATIONINFECTIOUS DISEASESINJURIESINSTRUCTIONINSTRUCTIONAL TIMEINTERVENTIONINVESTMENTS IN EDUCATIONIRONKINDERGARTENKINDERGARTENSLABOR FORCELAWSLEADERSHIPLEARNING MATERIALSLEARNING OPPORTUNITIESLEGAL PROTECTIONLEVELS OF EDUCATIONLIFE SKILLSLIVE BIRTHLIVE BIRTHSLOCAL CAPACITYLOCAL COMMUNITIESLOW BIRTH WEIGHTMALNOURISHED CHILDRENMATERNAL HEALTHMATERNAL HEALTH SERVICESMATERNAL MORTALITYMEDICAL CAREMIGRANTMIGRANT WORKERSMIGRATIONMILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALMILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALSMINISTRY OF EDUCATIONMINISTRY OF HEALTHMINORITYMORTALITYMOTHERNATIONAL COMMITTEENATIONAL DEVELOPMENTNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNATIONAL LEVELNATIONAL PLANNATIONAL POPULATIONNERNET ENROLLMENTNET ENROLLMENT RATIONON-FORMAL TRAININGNUMERACYNUTRITIONNUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCYNUTRITIONAL STATUSOBESITYORPHANSPARENTINGPARTICIPATION OF WOMENPEDIATRICSPERSONALITYPHYSICAL DEVELOPMENTPHYSICAL EDUCATIONPOLICY FRAMEWORKPOLICY IMPLICATIONSPOOR FAMILIESPOPULATION AGE STRUCTUREPRE-NATAL CAREPREGNANCYPREGNANT WOMENPRENATAL CAREPRESCHOOL EDUCATIONPRIMARY CAREGIVERSPRIMARY CLASSESPRIMARY CURRICULUMPRIMARY EDUCATIONPRIMARY SCHOOLPRIMARY SCHOOLSPROGRESSPROPHYLAXISPROVISION OF SERVICESPSYCHOLOGYPUBLIC EXPENDITUREPUBLIC HEALTHPUBLIC SERVICESPUPIL-TO-TEACHER RATIOPUPILS PER TEACHERQUALITY CAREREADINGREDUCING MATERNAL MORTALITYREPRODUCTIVE HEALTHRIGHTS OF WOMENRURAL AREASRURAL CHILDRENRURAL COUNTIESRURAL GIRLSRURAL RESIDENTSRURAL SCHOOLSRURAL STUDENTSRURAL TEACHERSSANITATIONSCHOOL HEALTHSCHOOL READINESSSCHOOL SYSTEMSCHOOL-AGE POPULATIONSECONDARY EDUCATIONSECONDARY SCHOOLSSERVICE DELIVERYSERVICE PROVIDERSSERVICE PROVISIONSERVICES FOR CHILDRENSMOKINGSOCIAL COHESIONSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTSOCIAL GROUPSSOCIAL POLICYSOCIAL SERVICESOCIAL SERVICESSOCIAL SKILLSSPECIAL EDUCATIONSTUDENT ACHIEVEMENTSTUDENT ASSESSMENTTEACHERSTEACHINGTECHNICAL EDUCATIONTERTIARY EDUCATIONTUITIONTVURBAN AREASURBAN MIGRATIONURBAN POPULATIONURBANIZATIONVACCINATIONWARWORKERSWORKFORCEWORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATIONYOUNG CHILDRENYOUTH10.1596/18375