Murakami, YukiBlom, Andreas2012-05-252012-05-252008-02https://hdl.handle.net/10986/6427This paper examines the financing of tertiary education in Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Peru, comparing the affordability and accessibility of tertiary education with that in high-income countries. To measure affordability, the authors estimate education costs, living costs, grants, and loans. Further, they compute the participation rate, attainment rate, and socio-economic equity index in education and the gender equity index as indicators of accessibility. This is the first study attempting to estimate affordability of tertiary education in Latin America within a global context. The analysis combines information from household surveys, expenditure surveys, and administrative and institutional databases. The findings show that families in Latin America have to pay 60 percent of per-capita income for tertiary education per student per year compared with 19 percent in high-income countries. Living costs are significant, at 29 percent of gross domestic product per capita in Latin America (19 percent in high-income countries). Student assistance through grants and loans plays a marginal role in improving affordability. Moreover, the paper confirms previous findings of low access to tertiary education in the region. One policy implication of the findings is that Latin American governments could take steps to make tertiary education more affordable through student assistance.CC BY 3.0 IGOABSOLUTE COSTSACADEMIC YEARACCESS INDICATORSACCESS TO EDUCATIONACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATIONACCESS TO TERTIARY EDUCATIONACCESSIBILITYADMINISTRATIVE DATAAFFORDABILITYAPPROACH TO TERTIARY EDUCATIONBANK DATABENEFICIARIESCALCULATIONCOMMERCIAL BANKSCOMMUNITY COLLEGESCONSUMERCONTRIBUTIONCONTRIBUTIONSCOST ESTIMATECOST ESTIMATESCOST OF EDUCATIONCOSTS OF EDUCATIONCOUNTRY STUDIESCREDIT TRANSFERCREDITSDEGREE PROGRAMSDEVELOPMENT BANKDIRECT COSTDIRECT COSTSDISCIPLINESDISPOSABLE INCOMEDOCTORAL DEGREESECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMICS OF EDUCATIONEDUCATION EQUITYEDUCATION INDICATORSEDUCATION LEVELEDUCATION REFORMEDUCATION SECTOREDUCATION STATISTICSEDUCATION STUDENTSEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTEDUCATIONAL EQUITYEDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONSEDUCATIONAL LEVELEDUCATIONAL POLICYEMPLOYMENTENROLLMENTENROLLMENT RATIOEQUALITYEXCHANGE RATEEXCHANGE RATESEXPENDITURESFEMALE STUDENTSFINANCE ACCESSFINANCESFINANCIAL AID TO STUDENTSFINANCIAL ASSISTANCEFINANCIAL BURDENFREE ACCESSFREE PUBLIC EDUCATIONGENDERGENDER BALANCESGENDER EQUALITYGENDER EQUITYGENDERSGENERAL POPULATIONGLOBAL EDUCATIONGRADUATION RATESGRANT PROGRAMSHIGHER EDUCATIONHIGHER EDUCATION COSTSHIGHER EDUCATION FINANCEHIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONSHIGHER EDUCATION PROGRAMSHIGHER EDUCATION RANKINGSHOUSEHOLD EXPENDITUREHOUSEHOLD SAVINGHOUSEHOLD SAVINGSHOUSEHOLD SURVEYSHOUSEHOLDSHUMAN DEVELOPMENTINCOMEINCOME GROUPSINCOME LEVELINCOME-CONTINGENTINCOME-CONTINGENT LOANSINDIRECT COSTSINEQUALITYINFLATIONINFORMATION SYSTEMINTERNATIONAL BANKINVESTMENTS IN EDUCATIONLABOR FORCELABOR MARKETSLACK OF INFORMATIONLATIN AMERICANLEARNINGLEVEL OF EDUCATIONLITERATURELIVING COSTLIVING COSTSLIVING EXPENSESLOAN AMOUNTLOAN PROGRAMLOAN REPAYMENTSLOCAL CURRENCYLOW-INCOMELOW-INCOME FAMILIESLOW-INCOME FAMILYLOW-INCOME STUDENTSMINISTERS OF EDUCATIONMINISTRY OF EDUCATIONNEEDY STUDENTSOCCUPATIONSPAPERSPOST-SECONDARY EDUCATIONPRICE INDEXPRIVATE EDUCATIONPRODUCTIVITYPUBLIC INVESTMENTPUBLIC SUBSIDIESPUBLIC TERTIARY EDUCATIONPUBLIC UNIVERSITIESPUBLIC UNIVERSITYPURCHASING POWERPURCHASING POWER PARITYQUALIFIED STUDENTSREADINGREPAYMENTREPAYMENTSSALARYSAVINGS RATESSCHOLARSHIPSCHOLARSHIP PROGRAMSCHOLARSHIP PROGRAMSSCHOLARSHIPSSCHOOL LEAVINGSECONDARY EDUCATIONSECONDARY SCHOOLSEMESTERSSKILLED WORKERSSTATE UNIVERSITYSTUDENT ASSISTANCESTUDENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAMSTUDENT BODYSTUDENT FINANCIAL AIDSTUDENT LOANSTUDENT LOAN PROGRAMSSTUDENT LOANSSTUDENT PERFORMANCESTUDENT POPULATIONSUBSIDIZATIONTAX BREAKTAX BREAKSTAX CREDITSTAX DEDUCTIONSTECHNICAL COLLEGESTERTIARY EDUCATIONTERTIARY EDUCATION FINANCETERTIARY EDUCATION FINANCINGTERTIARY EDUCATION INSTITUTIONSTERTIARY EDUCATION SYSTEMTERTIARY LEVELTERTIARY STUDENTSTEXTBOOKSTOTAL COSTTOTAL COSTSTUITIONTUITION COSTSTUITION FEESUNEQUAL ACCESSUNIVERSITIESUNIVERSITY EDUCATIONUNIVERSITY STUDENTSUNIVERSITY TUITIONWORKERSWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-4517