Lara Ibarra, GabrielTiwari, SaileshNarayan, Ambar2015-07-142015-07-142015-06https://hdl.handle.net/10986/22162This paper attempts to determine the extent to which inequality in wage earnings in the Russian Federation is unfair. Unlike other similar attempts that can, at best, produce a lower bound on the estimate of the share of inequality that is unfair, this paper exploits the longitudinal nature of the data to come up with a lower bound as well as an upper bound. The upper bound is further refined to take into account the indirect effect of circumstances at birth (gender, parental wealth, etc.) on effort. Results show that the upper bound on the inequality of opportunity may be three to four times the measured lower bound and significantly higher for females than males in the sample. Finally, comparison with the United States and Germany show that although total inequality is lower in Russia, the share of unfair inequality is distinctly larger. The markedly large explanatory role of extraneous factors, such as gender and parental characteristics, in wage inequality calls for a close examination of governments’ efforts to address inequities in the labor market.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO EMPLOYMENTMEASURE OF INEQUALITYINEQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITYECONOMIC GROWTHITSINEQUALITY IN HEALTHDISTRIBUTION OF OPPORTUNITIESWAGESWHOAGGREGATE GROWTHEMPIRICAL WORKREAL WAGEINEQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITIESFINANCIAL CRISISLONGITUDINAL DATAINCOMEWAGE INEQUALITYDEPENDENT VARIABLEGENDERDISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONINEQUALITY INDEXMEAN INCOMELABOR FORCEFEMALE WORKERSDISCRIMINATIONINCOME DISTRIBUTIONINEQUALITIESPOLITICAL ECONOMYINCOMESMEAN LOG DEVIATIONPROPERTIESNEGATIVE RELATIONSHIPDISADVANTAGED GROUPSPOLICY DISCUSSIONSMIDDLE CLASSREAL WAGESLABOR FORCE PARTICIPATIONWILLJOB INSECURITYSURVEYSAFFIRMATIVE ACTIONINEQUALITY MEASUREDECREASING RATECHILD MORTALITYCUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONECONOMIC INEQUALITYDATA SETSHEALTH INEQUALITYECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTPOSITIVE EFFECTHIGH INEQUALITYLOW INCOMEPUBLIC POLICYLABOR MARKETEARNINGS INEQUALITYDATA SETGDPINEQUALITY LEVELSCHILDRENABSOLUTE INEQUALITYFEMALESPOSITIVE IMPACTIMPACT OF INEQUALITYTRAININGCHILDNEGATIVE IMPACTEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTEQUALITYADVERSE IMPACTINCOME GROWTHINEQUALITY MEASURESDATA QUALITYSIGNIFICANT NEGATIVEPRODUCTIVITYLABOR PRODUCTIVITYEMPIRICAL EVIDENCEEQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITYPOLICY RESEARCHINTERVENTIONSHOUSEHOLD INCOMERISING INEQUALITYMEASURING INEQUALITYWOMENPRODUCTPOOR GROWTHCOMPENSATIONOUTCOMESTOTAL INEQUALITYRESIDENCEFEMALEOVERALL INEQUALITYWDRBENEFITSINEQUALITYWorking PaperWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-7291