World Bank2012-03-192012-03-192010978-0-8213-8126-7https://hdl.handle.net/10986/2686Global warming and changes in climate have already had observed impacts on natural ecosystems and species. Natural systems such as wetlands, mangroves, coral reefs, cloud forests, and Arctic and high-latitude ecosystems are especially vulnerable to climate-induced disturbances. However, enhanced protection and management of biological resources and habitats can mitigate the impacts and contribute to solutions as nations and communities strive to adapt to climate change. Biodiversity is the foundation and mainstay of agriculture, forests, and fisheries. Biological resources provide the raw materials for livelihoods, agriculture, medicines, trade, tourism, and industry. Forests, grasslands, freshwater, and marine and other natural ecosystems provide a range of services often not recognized in national economic accounts but vital to human welfare: regulation of water flows and water quality, flood control, pollination, decontamination, carbon sequestration, soil conservation, and nutrient and hydrological cycling. Current efforts to address climate change focus mainly on reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by adopting cleaner energy strategies and on reducing the vulnerability of communities at risk by improving infrastructure to meet new energy and water needs. This book offers a compelling argument for including ecosystem-based approaches to mitigation and adaptation as an essential pillar in national strategies to address climate change. Such ecosystem-based strategies can offer cost-effective, proven, and sustainable solutions that contribute to, and complement, other national and regional adaptation strategies.CC BY 3.0 IGOACIDIFICATIONADVERSE EFFECTSAFFORESTATIONAFFORESTATION ACTIVITIESAGRICULTURAL LANDAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONAGRICULTUREAIRALTITUDEAMPHIBIANSANAEROBIC CONDITIONSANNUAL EMISSIONANTARCTICAAQUATIC ECOSYSTEMSAQUATIC HABITATSAQUATIC LIFEAQUATIC SPECIESARID REGIONSATMOSPHEREATMOSPHERIC CARBONBASINSBEACHESBIODIVERSITYBIODIVERSITY CONSERVATIONBIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICSBIOLOGICAL CORRIDORSBIOLOGICAL DIVERSITYBIOLOGICAL RESOURCESBIOMASSBIRDSBOREAL FORESTSCARBONCARBON CONTENTCARBON CREDITSCARBON DIOXIDECARBON DISTRIBUTIONCARBON EMISSIONSCARBON FINANCECARBON MARKETCARBON MARKETSCARBON OFFSETSCARBON POOLCARBON POOLSCARBON SEQUESTRATIONCARBON SINKCARBON SINKSCARBON STOCKCARBON STORAGECARBON STORAGE CAPACITYCARBON STORESCARBONATESCASE STUDIESCLEANER TECHNOLOGIESCLIMATECLIMATE CHANGECOCO2COASTCOASTAL AREASCOASTAL EROSIONCOASTAL HABITATSCOASTAL STATESCOASTAL WATERSCOASTAL ZONECOASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENTCOASTAL ZONESCOLORSCONSERVATION AREASCORAL REEFSCROP PRODUCTIONCROPSCYCLONESDAMSDEFORESTATION ACTIVITIESDEGRADED AREASDEGRADED LANDDEGRADED LANDSDESERTIFICATIONDRAINAGEDROUGHTECOSYSTEMECOSYSTEM STRUCTUREEMISSIONEMISSION REDUCTIONEMISSION REDUCTION TARGETSEMISSION REDUCTIONSEMISSIONSEMISSIONS ABATEMENTEMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATIONEMISSIONS FROM FUELENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONSEROSIONEROSION CONTROLESTUARIESEXOTIC SPECIESFIRE MANAGEMENTFISHFISHERIESFLOOD CONTROLFLOODINGFLOODSFLUXES OF CARBONFOREST AREAFOREST CANOPYFOREST CARBON STOCKSFOREST CLEARINGFOREST CONSERVATIONFOREST CONVERSIONFOREST COVERFOREST DEGRADATIONFOREST ECOSYSTEMSFOREST EDGEFOREST FIRESFOREST INVESTMENTFOREST LOSSFOREST PRODUCTSFOREST PROTECTIONFOREST SECTORFOREST TYPESFORESTRYFORESTSFOSSIL FUELFOSSIL FUELSFRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGEFRESH WATERFRESHWATERFRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMSGHGGLACIERSGLOBAL CARBON CYCLEGLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDEGLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONSGLOBAL CARBON SINKGLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGEGLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITYGLOBAL TERRESTRIAL CARBONGLOBAL WARMINGGRASSLANDSGREEN HOUSE GASESGREENHOUSEGREENHOUSE GASGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONSGREENHOUSE GAS MITIGATIONGREENHOUSE GASESGROUND CARBONHABITAT DEGRADATIONHABITATSHIGHLANDSHUMAN ACTIVITIESHURRICANESHYDROLOGYINTERNATIONAL EMISSIONSINVASIVE SPECIESIPCCLAKESLAND AREALAND DEGRADATIONLAND MANAGEMENTLAND USE CHANGELEACHINGLOSS OF FORESTLOSS OF SOIL CARBONMANGROVESMARINE RESOURCESMARINE SYSTEMSMARSHESMETHANEMETHANE EMISSIONSMOUNTAINSNATIVE SPECIESNATURAL FORESTSNATURAL WETLANDSNITROUS OXIDENUTRIENTSOCEAN CARBONOCEANSOIL PALMORGANIC CARBONORGANIC MATTERPARTICLESPARTICULATEPEATPHOTOSYNTHESISPLANKTONPLANT SPECIESPOLLUTANTSPRECIPITATIONPRECIPITATION PATTERNSPROTECTING WETLANDSQUALITY OF WATERRAINRAINFALLRAINFALL EVENTSRANGESRATE OF DEFORESTATIONRATES OF DEFORESTATIONRECREATIONAL USERESERVOIRRESERVOIRSRIVERRIVER DELTASRIVERINESALTWATER INTRUSIONSEA LEVEL RISESEA WATERSOIL CARBONSOILSSPECIES DIVERSITYSURFACE TEMPERATURESUSTAINABLE FORESTSUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENTSWAMPTEMPERATE FORESTSTERRESTRIAL CARBONTERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMSTHERMAL STRATIFICATIONTREE SPECIESTROPICAL DEFORESTATIONTROPICAL FORESTTROPICAL FORESTSTROPICAL RAIN FORESTTROPICAL REGIONSTROPICSVEGETATIONWATER QUALITYWATERSHEDWATERSHED MANAGEMENTWATERSHEDSWEATHER CONDITIONSWETLANDWETLAND ECOSYSTEMSWETLAND HABITATSWETLAND RESTORATIONWETLAND SOILSWETLANDSWILDERNESS AREASWILDLIFEWILDLIFE HABITATWINDWorld Bank10.1596/978-0-8213-8126-7