Jahanshahi, NegdaLemiere, ChristopheSmith, EllenHerbst, Christopher H.Soucat, Agnes2012-03-192012-04-042012-03-192012-04-042011978-0-8213-8599-9https://hdl.handle.net/10986/2254https://hdl.handle.net/10986/5919This report discusses and analyzes labor market dynamics and outcomes (including unemployment, worker shortages, and urban-rural imbalances of categories of health workers) from a labor economics perspective. It then uses insights from this perspective as a basis for elaborating policy options that incorporate the underlying labor market forces. The goal of the study is to address undesirable outcomes (including urban-rural HRH imbalances) more effectively. The study draws on an extensive inventory of policy options relevant to urban-rural labor force imbalance in Sub-Saharan Africa and the experiences with these imbalances to date. Given the limited documentation available on this topic through formal channels, the review relies heavily on 'gray literature' from policymakers in Sub-Saharan Africa and their development partners, especially the World Bank and the World Health Organization (WHO). The report is divided into five main sections. The first section focuses on economic policies related to Human Resources for Health (HRH) objectives. It argues that policymaking has ignored health labor market dynamics. The second section provides data showing the extent of urban-rural imbalances and describes how these imbalances affect health system outcomes. The third section uses a health labor market framework to explain these imbalances. The fourth section outlines policy options relevant to Sub-Saharan Africa for addressing market distortions and affecting labor market outcomes. It also reviews evidence on the policies, strategies, and programs designed to address geographic imbalances in Sub-Saharan Africa, highlighting what has been done, what has worked, and what has not. The last section provides a roadmap for policymakers.CC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICESAUXILIARY NURSESBIRTH ATTENDANTSBIRTH RATESBRAIN DRAINBURDEN OF DISEASECAESAREAN SECTIONSCASH TRANSFERSCHILDHOOD DISEASESCLINICAL GUIDELINESCLINICSCOMMUNITY HEALTHCOST EFFECTIVENESSCOST-EFFECTIVENESSCOUNSELINGDEATHSDESCRIPTIONDISSEMINATIONECONOMIC POLICIESEQUILIBRIUMEQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCESEXISTING RESOURCESEXPOSURE TO HEALTH RISKSFEASIBILITY STUDIESFEMALEFEMALESFEWER YEARS OF EDUCATIONFISCAL CONSTRAINTSFORMAL EDUCATIONGENDERGENERAL PRACTITIONERSGOVERNMENT POLICIESGYNECOLOGYHEALTH CAREHEALTH CARE FACILITIESHEALTH CARE SERVICESHEALTH CARE SYSTEMHEALTH CENTERSHEALTH CLINICSHEALTH EDUCATIONHEALTH EXTENSIONHEALTH FACILITIESHEALTH INSURANCEHEALTH INTERVENTIONSHEALTH OFFICIALSHEALTH POLICYHEALTH PROBLEMSHEALTH PROFESSIONALSHEALTH PROVIDERSHEALTH SECTORHEALTH SERVICESHEALTH SYSTEMHEALTH SYSTEMSHEALTH TRAININGHEALTH WORKERSHEALTH WORKFORCEHIVHIV/AIDSHOMESHOSPITALHOUSEHOLDSHOUSINGHUMAN RESOURCESIMMIGRANTIMMIGRANT HEALTHIMMIGRATIONIMMIGRATION POLICIESIMPORTANT POLICYINCENTIVE SCHEMESINCOMEINCOME DISTRIBUTIONINDEXESINEQUALITYINEQUITIESINFANTINFANT MORTALITYINFANT MORTALITY RATEINJURIESINSERVICE TRAININGJOB SECURITYKEY HEALTH INTERVENTIONSLAB TESTSLABOR FORCELABOR MARKETLABOR MARKETSLABOR SHORTAGESLABOR SUPPLYLACK OF INFRASTRUCTURELEGAL STATUSLIVE BIRTHLIVE BIRTHSLOCAL COMMUNITIESLOCAL COMMUNITYLOCAL GOVERNMENTSMALARIAMANAGEMENT SYSTEMSMARRIED COUPLESMATERNAL HEALTHMATERNAL MORTALITYMATERNAL MORTALITY RATESMEDICAL CAREMEDICAL SCHOOLMEDICAL SUPPLIESMIDWIFEMIDWIVESMIGRATIONMILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALSMINISTRIES OF HEALTHMINISTRY OF HEALTHMORTALITYMORTALITY LEVELSMORTALITY RATENATIONAL LEVELNURSENURSESNURSES TRAININGNURSINGOBSTETRICAL COMPLICATIONSPATIENTPATIENTSPEDIATRICSPHYSICIANPHYSICIANSPOLICY MAKERSPOLITICAL INSTABILITYPOORPOOR AREASPOPULATION DENSITYPOPULATION GROUPSPOVERTY INDICATORSPRIMARY HEALTH CAREPRIMARY HEALTH CARE SERVICESPRIVATE DOCTORSPROBABILITYPROGRESSPUBLIC HEALTHPUBLIC HEALTH INTERVENTIONSREDUCING MATERNAL MORTALITYREMOTE AREASREMOTE RURAL AREASRURALRURAL AREARURAL AREASRURAL CLINICSRURAL COMMUNITIESRURAL COMMUNITYRURAL DIFFERENCESRURAL DISTRICTSRURAL EMPLOYMENTRURAL GAPRURAL GAPSRURAL HEALTHRURAL HEALTH CARERURAL LABORRURAL MARKETSRURAL MEDICINERURAL PEOPLERURAL POLICYRURAL POPULATIONSRURAL PROVINCESRURAL REGIONSRURAL SERVICERURAL SERVICESRURAL WORKERSSAFETYSCARCE RESOURCESSKILL LEVELSOCIAL FACTORSSPILLOVERSPOUSESPOUSESSURGERYTARGETINGTRAINING OPPORTUNITIESTRANSPORTATIONUNDER-FIVE MORTALITYUNEMPLOYMENTURBAN AREAURBAN AREASURBAN HEALTH CAREUSER FEESVILLAGESVIOLENCEWARWOMANWORKERSWORKFORCEWORKING CONDITIONSWORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATIONWorld Bank10.1596/978-0-8213-8599-9