Akresh, RichardVerwimp, PhilipBundervoet, Tom2012-06-042012-06-042007-04https://hdl.handle.net/10986/7016Economic shocks at birth have lasting effects on children's health several years after the shock. The authors calculate height for age z-scores for children under age five using data from a Rwandan nationally representative household survey conducted in 1992. They exploit district and time variation in crop failure and civil conflict to measure the impact of exogenous shocks that children experience at birth on their height several years later. They find that boys and girls born after the shock in regions experiencing civil conflict are both negatively affected with height for age z-scores 0.30 and 0.72 standard deviations lower, respectively. Conversely, only girls are negatively affected by crop failure, with these girls exhibiting 0.41 standard deviation lower height for age z-scores and the impact is worse for girls in poor households. Results are robust to using sibling difference estimators, household level production, and rainfall shocks as alternative measures of crop failure.CC BY 3.0 IGOADULT MORTALITYADULTHOODAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITYARMED CONFLICTASSET HOLDINGSCASH CROPCHALLENGES OF POPULATIONCHILD HEALTHCHILD SURVIVALCHRONIC MALNUTRITIONCIVIL CONFLICTCIVIL WARCONSUMPTION SMOOTHINGCROPSCULTURAL CHANGEDEMOGRAPHIC GROWTHDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDISABILITYEARLY CHILDHOODECONOMIC SHOCKSEDUCATIONEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTETHNIC GROUPSFAMILY RESOURCESFAMINEFARM HOUSEHOLDSFARM INCOMEFARM OUTPUTFARM SIZEFARMERSFEMALE MORTALITYFERTILITYFOODFOOD CROPFOOD CROP PRODUCTIONFOOD PRODUCTIONFOOD SECURITYFOOD STAPLESGENDER BIASGENDER DIFFERENCESGENOCIDEGIRLSGRASS-ROOTSHEALTHHEALTH TRENDSHOUSEHOLD HEADHOUSEHOLD HEADSHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHOUSEHOLD LEVELHOUSEHOLD LEVEL DATAHOUSEHOLD SURVEYHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN CAPITAL FORMATIONHUMAN RIGHTSHUSBANDSIMPACT ON CHILDRENINEQUALITYINFANTINFANT MORTALITYINFORMATION SYSTEMSINVESTIGATIONLAND DEGRADATIONLAND SIZELANDHOLDINGSLIVING CONDITIONSMACROECONOMIC CONDITIONSMEDICAL CAREMIGRATIONMOTHERNONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONSNUMBER OF DEATHSNUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDSNUTRITIONNUTRITIONAL STATUSOLD-AGEPANDEMICPARENTSPEACEPENSIONSPHYSICAL DISABILITYPOLICY IMPLICATIONSPOLICY MAKERSPOLICY RESEARCHPOLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPERPOLITICAL ECONOMYPOORPOOR HOUSEHOLDPOOR HOUSEHOLDSPOPULATION GROWTHPOPULATION PRESSUREPOVERTY DYNAMICSPOVERTY REDUCTIONPRACTITIONERSPRENATAL CAREPROGRESSREFUGEEREFUGEESRESOURCE ALLOCATIONRESPECTRISK SHARINGRURALRURAL AREASRURAL HOUSEHOLDRURAL HOUSEHOLDSSEXSOCIOECONOMIC STATUSSTATE UNIVERSITYSUICIDETECHNICAL ASSISTANCEVICTIMSWARSYOUNG CHILDRENWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-4208