World Bank2013-03-122013-03-122007-03-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/12668Economic Consulting Associates (ECA) and Cambridge Economic Policy Associates (CEPA) have been engaged by Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) and the World Bank to prepare a policy paper for enhanced regional electricity trade involving the Economic Cooperation Council (ECO) countries. The study has reviewed the opportunities for increased electricity trade within the ECO region and exports outside the region, considered the types of trade that will be most likely to develop in the short and evolve over the medium and longer term, and made an assessment of the risks and obstacles to further trade development. Drawing on international experience of national and regional trading arrangements, as well as four case studies of regional trade, the study has reviewed the financing options including risk mitigation products, considered the requirements for good governance of international trade including dispute resolution procedures, and made an initial assessment of the proposed Tajikistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan electricity trade project (TAP). Drawing on all aspects of the research, the final section of the report presents a roadmap for development of electricity trade in ECO.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOAGGREGATE LEVELALLOCATION OF RISKALTERNATIVE ENERGYAVAILABILITYBALANCEBARRIERBASIS POINTSBILATERAL TRADEBORDER ELECTRICITY TRADEBORDER TRADEBORDER TRANSMISSIONCIVIL WARCOCOALCOAL GASCOAL GENERATIONCOAL PRICESCOAL RESERVESCOMMODITYCONVERGENCECOST OF FINANCECOUNTRY RISKCOUNTRY RISKSCREDITWORTHINESSCURRENCYDEBTDEMAND PEAKSDEVELOPMENT FINANCEDEVELOPMENT STRATEGYDISSOLUTIONDUE DILIGENCEECONOMIC COMPETITIVENESSECONOMIC CONDITIONSECONOMIC COOPERATIONECONOMIC POLICYECONOMIC RENTECONOMIC RISKECONOMICSECONOMIES OF SCALEELECTRIC PRODUCTIONELECTRICITYELECTRICITY DEMANDELECTRICITY GENERATIONELECTRICITY SUPPLYELECTRICITY SYSTEMELECTRICITY UTILITYEMERGING MARKETSENERGY DEMANDENERGY EFFICIENCYENERGY EXPORTENERGY LOSSESENERGY RESOURCESENERGY SOURCESENERGY SUPPLYENERGY USAGEENFORCEMENT OF CONTRACTENFORCEMENT OF CONTRACTSENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONSENVIRONMENTAL COSTSENVIRONMENTSEQUITY INVESTORSEXCHANGE RATEEXISTING INFRASTRUCTUREEXPORT CREDITEXPORT MARKETEXPORT MARKETSEXPORTSEXPOSUREEXTERNAL FINANCEEXTERNAL TRADEFEASIBILITY STUDIESFINANCE CORPORATIONFINANCIAL INSTITUTIONFINANCIAL RISKFINANCIAL RISKSFINANCIAL SYSTEMFINANCING ARRANGEMENTSFIXED ASSETSFORECASTSFOREIGN EXCHANGEFOREIGN GOVERNMENTFOSSILFOSSIL FUELFOSSIL FUEL DEPOSITSFOSSIL FUELSFREE TRADEFREE TRADE AGREEMENTFREEZEFUELFUEL PRICESFUEL SUPPLYFUEL TYPEFUELSFUTURE PRICESGASGAS IMPORTSGAS MARKETGAS PIPELINESGAS PRICEGAS PRODUCERGAS PROJECTSGAS SUPPLYGAS TURBINEGENERATIONGENERATION CAPACITYGOOD GOVERNANCEGOVERNANCE MECHANISMSGOVERNANCE RANKINGSGROWTH RATEGROWTH RATESHIGH GAS PRICESHIGHER GASHYDRO POWERHYDRO POWER PLANTSHYDRO-POWERHYDROCARBONSHYDROPOWERIMMUNITYINFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTINFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTSINSTITUTIONAL CAPACITIESINSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENTINSURERSINTERCONNECTION CAPACITYINTERNATIONAL BEST PRACTICEINTERNATIONAL FINANCEINTERNATIONAL MARKETSINTERNATIONAL TRADEINTERNATIONAL TRADE LAWINVESTMENT CLIMATEJOINT VENTUREJURISDICTIONJURISDICTIONSLAW ENFORCEMENTLEGAL ENVIRONMENTLEGAL FRAMEWORKLEGAL SYSTEMLEGAL SYSTEMSMARGIN REQUIREMENTSMARKET DEVELOPMENTMARKET ECONOMIESMONETARY AUTHORITYMULTILATERAL TRADENATURAL GASOILOIL PIPELINEOIL PRICEOIL PRICESOUTPUTPEAK DEMANDPETROLEUMPIPELINEPOLITICAL RISKPOLITICAL RISK INSURANCEPOLITICAL RISKSPOST-CONFLICTPOWERPOWER COMPANYPOWER LINESPOWER PLANTPOWER PLANT CONSTRUCTIONPOWER PRODUCERPOWER PROJECTPOWER SYSTEMPOWER SYSTEMSPRICE CHANGESPRICE INCREASESPRIVATE EQUITYPRIVATE EQUITY INVESTORPRIVATE INVESTMENTPRIVATE INVESTORSPROPERTY RIGHTSPUBLIC COMPANYRAPID GROWTHREGIONAL INTEGRATIONREGIONAL TRADEREGULATORSREGULATORY ENVIRONMENTREGULATORY FRAMEWORKREGULATORY FRAMEWORKSREGULATORY REGIMEREPUTATIONRESERVE REQUIREMENTSRESOURCE MANAGEMENTRISK MANAGEMENTRISK PREMIUMRISK REDUCTIONRISK SHARINGSECURITIESSECURITY RISKSPOT MARKETSTATE ENTERPRISETRADE DISPUTESTRADESTRANSMISSION CAPACITYTRANSMISSION GRIDTRANSMISSION INFRASTRUCTURETRANSMISSION LINETRANSMISSION LINESTRANSMISSION SYSTEMUTILITIESVOLTAGEWORLD TRADEWTOWorld Bank10.1596/12668