Gioan, Pierre Antoine2012-05-242012-05-242008978-0-8213-7470-2https://hdl.handle.net/10986/6385The higher education and research sector in the French-speaking countries of Africa has, for more than a decade, been in a state of severe crisis, stemming from an increasing disparity between the requirements vital to providing high quality education and the available resources. The goal of this article is to: i) highlight the factors which have lead to the development of this situation in most countries; ii) identify the conditions for creating a framework to regulate the trends in the higher education and research systems and allow them to be more financially sustainable; and iii) identify ways of increasing funding for this sector as well maintaining its level of quality. The Main tools to support financially-sustainable policies include: i) controlling student inflows into higher education in order to avoid an increase in the student population that will be difficult to manage; ii) targeting student assistance more effectively towards the most disadvantaged and deserving students; iii) limiting the duration of study at the higher education level in order to prevent the number of students from building up in the institutions; iv) guiding students more effectively towards courses that offer better employment prospects; v) trying to promote a higher education private sector through fiscal and non-fiscal incentives; vi) reducing unit education costs; and vii) mobilizing additional self-generated resources.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACADEMIC RANKINGACADEMIC YEARACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATIONACCOUNTINGACHIEVEMENTADMINISTRATIVE AUTHORITIESADMISSION CRITERIAAPPROPRIATE TEACHINGAUDITSBANKSBENEFICIARIESBUDGETINGCALCULATIONCENTERS OF EXCELLENCECIVIL SERVICECOLLEGESCONTINUING EDUCATIONCONTRIBUTIONSCOST OF EDUCATIONDEGREE COURSESDEGREESDISADVANTAGED STUDENTSDISTANCE LEARNINGDIVERSIFICATIONDOCTORAL STUDIESECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC REALITYEDUCATION BUDGETEDUCATION FACILITIESEDUCATION FOR ALLEDUCATION POLICIESEDUCATION PROGRAMEDUCATIONAL COSTSEDUCATIONAL MATERIALEDUCATIONAL MATERIALSEDUCATIONAL PROJECTSEDUCATIONAL REQUIREMENTSEDUCATIONAL SYSTEMEMPLOYMENTEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESENROLLMENT CAPACITYENTRANCE REQUIREMENTSEXAMSEXPENDITURESFINANCIAL ASSISTANCEFINANCIAL COSTFINANCIAL IMPACTFINANCIAL IMPACTSFINANCIAL INCENTIVESFINANCIAL RESOURCESFINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITYFOREIGN STUDENTSGENERAL PUBLICGRADUATE DIPLOMAGRADUATE EMPLOYMENTGRADUATION CERTIFICATEHIGH QUALITY EDUCATIONHIGHER EDUCATIONHIGHER EDUCATION DIPLOMAHIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTESHIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONHIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONSHIGHER EDUCATION PLANNINGHIGHER EDUCATION RESEARCHHIGHER EDUCATION SECTORHIGHER EDUCATION STUDENTSHIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEMHIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEMSHUMAN DEVELOPMENTHUMAN RESOURCESINCOMEINCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIESINFORMATION SYSTEMSINSTITUTIONAL AUTONOMYINVESTMENT IN EDUCATIONINVESTMENT PROGRAMLABOR MARKETLABOR MARKET DEMANDLACK OF INFORMATIONLEVEL OF EDUCATIONLEVELS OF EDUCATIONLONG-TERM PLANNINGMASTERS LEVELMIDDLE EASTERNNATIONAL ECONOMYNATIONAL POLICY GUIDELINESNATIONAL SCHOLARSHIPSNUMBER OF STUDENTSNUMBER OF TEACHERSPAPERSPRIMARY EDUCATIONPRIVATE EDUCATIONPRIVATE EDUCATION SECTORPRIVATE HIGHER EDUCATIONPRIVATE INSTITUTIONSPRIVATE INVESTMENTPRIVATE SECTOR INVOLVEMENTPROFESSIONAL DEGREEPROFESSIONAL TRAININGPROPERTY TAXESPUBLIC EXPENDITUREPUBLIC HIGHER EDUCATIONPUBLISHERSQUALITY OF EDUCATIONRAPID DEVELOPMENTRATE OF RETURNREAL COSTSRESEARCH INSTITUTIONSRESEARCH OPPORTUNITIESRESEARCH PROGRAMSRESOURCE ALLOCATIONRESOURCE MANAGEMENTRESPONSIBILITIESRETIREMENTSRETRAININGSALARYSANITATIONSAVINGSSCHOLARSHIPSCHOLARSHIPSSCHOOL FEESSCHOOL YEARSCHOOLSSCIENTIFIC RESEARCHSECONDARY COURSESSECONDARY EDUCATIONSECONDARY EDUCATION SECTORSECONDARY SCHOOLSOCIAL BENEFITSSOCIAL SERVICESSPORTSSTAKEHOLDERSTAKEHOLDERSSTUDENT ASSISTANCESTUDENT DEMANDSTUDENT ENROLLMENTSTUDENT FINANCIAL AIDSTUDENT FLOWSTUDENT FLOWSSTUDENT LOANSTUDENT LOANSSTUDENT POPULATIONSTUDENT POPULATIONSSTUDENTS PER YEARSUB-SAHARAN AFRICATEACHERTEACHER TRAININGTEACHER-STUDENT RATIOSTEACHERSTEACHINGTECHNICAL ASSISTANCETECHNICAL EDUCATIONTRAINING COSTSTUITIONTUITION FEESTYPES OF EDUCATIONUNIVERSAL PRIMARY COMPLETIONUNIVERSITIESUNIVERSITY ADMISSIONSUNIVERSITY FACILITIESUNIVERSITY PROFESSORSUNIVERSITY STUDENTSUNIVERSITY TEACHERSVOCATIONAL COURSESVOCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONVOCATIONAL TRAININGVOCATIONAL TRAINING COURSESWAGEWITHDRAWALWORK FORCEWORKING HOURSWorld Bank10.1596/978-0-8213-7470-2