Giles, JohnWang, DewenZhao, Changbao2012-03-192012-03-192010-12-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/3994This paper shows that support from the family continues to be an important source of support for the rural elderly, particularly the rural elderly over 70 years of age. Decline in likelihood of co-residence with, or in close proximity to, adult children raises the possibility that China's rural elderly will receive less support in the forms of both income and in-kind instrumental care. Although descriptive evidence on net financial transfers suggests that the elderly with migrant children will receive similar levels of financial transfers as those without migrant children, the predicted variance associated with these transfers implies a higher risk that elderly with migrant children may fall into poverty. Reducing the risk of low incomes among the elderly is one important motive for new rural pension initiatives supported by China's government, which are scheduled to be expanded to cover all rural counties by the end of the 12th Five Year Plan in 2016.CC BY 3.0 IGOABSENCE OF TRANSFERSABSOLUTE POVERTYATTRITIONCHRONIC ILLNESSCROWDING OUTCULTURAL CHANGEDECLINES IN FERTILITYDEMOGRAPHIC CHANGESDEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITIONDEMOGRAPHIC TRENDSDEPENDENCY RATIODEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICSDEVELOPMENT POLICYECONOMICSEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTELDERLYELDERLY HOUSEHOLDSELDERLY POPULATIONEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESEXTENDED FAMILYFAMILY MEMBERSFAMILY SIZEFAMILY SUPPORTFERTILITYFERTILITY DECLINEFERTILITY RATESFOOD REQUIREMENTSFUTURE POPULATIONHOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTIONHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHOUSEHOLD LEVELHOUSEHOLD SURVEYSHOUSINGHUMAN DEVELOPMENTIMPACT OF MIGRATIONINCOMEINCOME DISTRIBUTIONINCOME INEQUALITYINCOME SUPPORTINCOME TRANSFERSINSURANCEINTERGENERATIONAL SUPPORTINTERGENERATIONAL TRANSFERSLABOR ALLOCATIONLABOR MARKETLABOR MARKETSLABOR MIGRATIONLABOR MOBILITYLABOR SUPPLYLAND TENURELIVING STANDARDSLONG-TERM CAREMACROECONOMIC SHOCKSMIGRANTMIGRANT FAMILYMIGRANT LABORNUTRITIONOLD AGEOLD-AGEOLDER ADULTSOLDER PEOPLEOWNERSHIP OF LANDPENSION INCOMEPENSIONSPOLICY ANALYSISPOLICY DISCUSSIONSPOLICY RESEARCHPOLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPERPOLICY RESPONSEPOLITICAL ECONOMYPOORPOOR AREASPOOR PEOPLEPOPULATION AND DEVELOPMENTPOPULATION CENSUSPOPULATION COUNCILPOPULATION POLICIESPOPULATION PROJECTIONSPOPULATION RESEARCHPOPULATION STRUCTUREPOVERTY ASSESSMENTPOVERTY LINEPOVERTY LINESPOVERTY REDUCTIONPOVERTY THRESHOLDPRIVATE TRANSFERSPROGRESSPROVISION OF CAREPROVISION OF SERVICESPUBLIC POLICYPUBLIC SERVICESQUALITY OF CAREREDUCTION IN POVERTYREGIONAL INEQUALITYREMITTANCESREMOTE REGIONSRESPECTRETIREMENTRETURN MIGRATIONRURALRURAL AREASRURAL COUNTIESRURAL ECONOMYRURAL HOUSEHOLDRURAL HOUSEHOLDSRURAL LIFERURAL MIGRANTSRURAL POPULATIONRURAL POVERTYRURAL RESIDENTSSAFETYSAFETY NETSAFETY NET PROGRAMSSAFETY NETSSAVINGSSCHOOLINGSEASONAL EMPLOYMENTSOCIAL PROTECTIONSOCIAL SECURITYSPOUSESPOUSESSTATE UNIVERSITYTARGETINGTRADITIONAL FAMILYTRADITIONAL VALUESURBAN AREASURBAN MIGRATIONURBAN POPULATIONVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY TO POVERTYWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-5510