Croser, JohannaAnderson, Kym2012-03-192012-03-192010-06-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/3831Trade negotiators and policy advisors are keen to know the relative contribution of different farm policy instruments to international trade and economic welfare. Nominal rates of assistance or producer support estimates are incomplete indicators, especially when (especially in developing countries) some commodities are taxed and others are subsidized, in which case positive contributions can offset negative contributions. This paper develops and estimates a new set of more-satisfactory indicators to examine the relative contribution of different farm policy instruments to reductions in agricultural trade and welfare, drawing on recent literature on trade restrictiveness indexes and a recently compiled database on distortions to agricultural prices for 75 developing and high-income countries over the period 1960 to 2004. Results confirm earlier findings that border taxes are the dominant instrument affecting global trade and welfare, but they also suggest declines in export taxes contributed nearly as much as cuts in import protection to global welfare gains from agricultural policy reforms since the 1980s.CC BY 3.0 IGOAGGREGATE DEMANDAGGREGATE SUPPLYAGRICULTURAL PRICEAGRICULTURAL PRICESAGRICULTURAL SUBSIDIESAGRICULTURAL TRADEAGRICULTUREAVERAGE PRICEBORDER PRICEBORDER TAXBORDER TAXESCOMMODITIESCOMMODITYCONSUMER PRICESCONSUMER SURPLUSCONSUMERSCONSUMPTION SUBSIDIESCONSUMPTION TAXCONSUMPTION TAXESDEVELOPED COUNTRIESDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPING COUNTRYDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICSDOLLAR VALUEDOLLAR VALUESDOMESTIC MARKETSDOMESTIC PRICEDOMESTIC PRODUCTIONECONOMIC COOPERATIONECONOMIC RESEARCHEMERGING ECONOMIESEQUILIBRIUMEXCHANGE RATESEXPORT RESTRICTIONSEXPORT SUBSIDIESEXPORT SUBSIDYEXPORT SUPPLYEXPORT TAXEXPORT TAXESFOOD PRICEFOOD PRICESFREE TRADEGDPGENERAL EQUILIBRIUMGLOBAL TRADEGROSS VALUEIMPORT BARRIERSIMPORT PROTECTIONIMPORT SUBSIDIESIMPORT SUBSIDYIMPORT TAXIMPORT TAXESIMPORT VOLUMEIMPORTSINCOMEINDEX NUMBERSINPUT TAXESINTERNATIONAL ECONOMICSINTERNATIONAL TRADEMARKET ACCESSOPEN ECONOMYOUTPUTOUTPUTSPARTICULAR COUNTRYPOLITICAL ECONOMYPRICE ADJUSTMENTPRICE CHANGEPRICE CHANGESPRICE DISTORTIONPRICE ELASTICITYPRICE ELASTICITY OF SUPPLYPRICING POLICYPRODUCER PRICEPRODUCER PRICESPRODUCER SUBSIDYSUBSIDIZATIONSUPPLY CURVESSUPPLY FUNCTIONSTARIFF BORDERTARIFF RATETARIFF RATESTARIFF REVENUETAXTAX RATETAXATIONTRADE DISTORTIONSTRADE NEGOTIATIONSTRADE POLICIESTRADE POLICYTRADE PRICESTRADE REDUCTIONTRADE REFORMTRADE RESTRICTIONSTRADE TAXTRADE TAXESTRADE VOLUMETRADE-DISTORTING POLICIESTRANSITION ECONOMIESTRANSPARENCYWORLD TRADEWORLD TRADE ORGANIZATIONWTOWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-5345