World Bank2013-08-072013-08-072003-01-31https://hdl.handle.net/10986/14881The importance of macroeconomic stability for growth, and poverty reduction is now accepted in Brazil. As of 1964, the country followed responsible macroeconomic policies, in the pursuit of stability, reconfirmed by the new Government in January 2003. The report focuses strictly on three key macroeconomic issues, critical to assure stability, avoid crises, and hence allow poverty reduction on a sustainable basis. Though much has been achieved, stability, and higher growth in Brazil now depend on reforms along three main axes: Structural fiscal reforms, to allow flexible public spending towards a higher primary surplus; moving towards a different public debt composition; and, ensuring an external adjustment, sustainable and in tandem with higher growth. The report argues for reducing volatility, and uncertainty to achieve sustainable growth, and poverty reduction, and, based on its analysis, it further argues for a debt management strategy that includes gradual lengthening of maturity, and duration of debt; indexing more debt to prices, and reducing indexation to policy interest rates, or the exchange rate; issuing fixed-coupon instruments; and, making judicious use of alternative financial instruments, in addition to coordinating monetary policy, and public debt management, so that reserve requirements may be lowered, leading to more efficient cash markets.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOMACROECONOMIC STABILITYGROWTH PROMOTIONPOVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIESRISK ASSESSMENTPUBLIC DEBTSFISCAL POLICYREFORM POLICYINTEREST RATESFISCAL ADJUSTMENTSFISCAL SUSTAINABILITYPUBLIC EXPENDITURESREVENUE MOBILIZATIONSOCIAL SECTOR INVESTMENTDEBT MANAGEMENTFINANCIAL SECTOR REFORMBANKING SYSTEMSEXTERNAL DEBTFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTSTRADE DEVELOPMENTPRODUCTIVITY GROWTHEXPORTSTRADE POLICY REFORM AUTOREGRESSIONBANKING SECTORBOND PRICESBONDSBORROWINGBORROWING COSTSCAPITAL EXPENDITURESCAPITAL FLOWSCAPITAL MARKETSCENTRAL BANKCOST OF CAPITALCREDIT RATINGSCREDIT RATIONINGCREDIT RISKDAMAGESDEBTDEBT AMORTIZATIONDEBT BURDENDEBT LEVELDEBT MARKETSDEBT MATURITYDEBT REDUCTIONDEBT RESTRUCTURINGDEBT SERVICEDEBT STOCKSDEBT STRATEGYDEBT SUSTAINABILITYDEBT SWAPSDEFICITSDEVALUATIONDIVIDENDSDOMESTIC DEBTDOMESTIC PUBLIC DEBTECONOMIC ACTIVITYEMPIRICAL EVIDENCEEMPIRICAL RESEARCHEMPLOYMENTEXCHANGE RATEEXCHANGE RATESEXPECTED VALUESEXPENDITURESEXPORT GROWTHEXPORTSEXTERNAL DEBTFINANCIAL MARKETSFINANCIAL SECTORFINANCIAL TRANSACTIONSFISCAL BALANCEFISCAL MANAGEMENTFISCAL PERFORMANCEFISCAL POLICIESFISCAL POLICYFISCAL REFORMSFISCAL RESPONSIBILITYFISCAL SURPLUSFISCAL YEARFIXED RATE SECURITIESFREE TRADEGDPGINI COEFFICIENTGOVERNMENT DEBTGOVERNMENT OBLIGATIONSGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTGROSS REVENUEGROWTH POLICIESGROWTH RATEIMPORTSINCOMEINDEXATIONINFLATIONINSOLVENCYINSURANCEINTEREST RATESLABOR MARKETSLEGISLATIONLENDING RATESLIQUIDITYLIVING STANDARDSMACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENTMACROECONOMIC POLICIESMACROECONOMIC POLICYMACROECONOMIC SHOCKSMACROECONOMIC STABILITYMACROECONOMIC STABILIZATIONMACROECONOMICSMANDATED EXPENDITURESMATURITIESMONETARY POLICYMUNICIPALITIESNATIONAL INCOMEOPEN ECONOMIESPENSIONSPOVERTY LINEPRICE CONTROLSPRIVATE SECTORPRODUCTIVITYPRODUCTIVITY GROWTHPROFITABILITYPROTECTIONISMPUBLIC DEBTPUBLIC DEBT MANAGEMENTPUBLIC EXPENDITUREPUBLIC FINANCEPUBLIC FINANCE MANAGEMENTPUBLIC INVESTMENTSPUBLIC SECTORPUBLIC SECTOR BORROWINGPUBLIC SECTOR BORROWING REQUIREMENTSPUBLIC SECTOR WAGESPUBLIC SERVANTSPUBLIC SERVICESPUBLIC SPENDINGREAL INTEREST RATEREAL WAGESRESOURCE ALLOCATIONRISK AVERSIONRISK FACTORSRISK PREMIUMSAVINGSSECURITIESSOCIAL SERVICESSOLVENCYTAXTAX RATESTAX REVENUESTERMS OF TRADETOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITYTRADE BALANCETRADE POLICIESUNEMPLOYMENTWILLINGNESS TO PAYYIELD CURVEWorld Bank10.1596/14881