Thorn, KristianSoo, Maarja2012-06-272012-06-272006-08https://hdl.handle.net/10986/9301Universities in Latin America are increasingly considered instruments of social and economic development and face rising expectations in regard to supplying relevant skills, undertaking applied research, and engaging in commercial activity. The paper discusses trends and challenges within Latin American universities, as well as policy options available for strengthening their contributions to social and economic development. The so-called third mission of universities is often equated with knowledge transfer narrowly defined as licensing and commercialization of research. The paper adopts a broader approach and explores how the new role of universities affects all aspects of academic practice in Latin America, including advanced education and research. It concludes that policymakers and university managers in Latin America face an important challenge of defining a legal framework, sound management procedures, and notably, incentive systems that stimulate outreach and entrepreneurship among students and staff while recognizing and preserving the distinct roles of universities.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACADEMIC DISCIPLINESACADEMIC EXCELLENCEACADEMIC PERFORMANCEACADEMIC QUALITYACADEMIC RESEARCHACADEMIC STAFFACCREDITATIONACHIEVEMENTADVANCED EDUCATIONADVANCED HUMAN CAPITALADVANCED SKILLSAGRICULTURAL RESEARCHAMERICAN UNIVERSITIESAPPLIED RESEARCHBASIC RESEARCHBIOTECHNOLOGYBRAIN DRAINBUSINESS OPPORTUNITIESCAREERCAREER PROSPECTSCAREERSCENTERS OF EXCELLENCECOMPETENCIESCOMPUTER SCIENCECOOPERATIONCOURSE OFFERINGSCURRICULUMDECENTRALIZATIONDEMAND FOR KNOWLEDGEDEMAND FOR SKILLSDISCIPLINESDOCTORAL DEGREESDOCTORAL PROGRAMSDOCTORAL STUDENTSECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC SECTORSEDUCATED WORKERSEDUCATIONAL SYSTEMSEMPLOYMENTENROLLMENT RATESEXPERIMENTAL WORKEXTERNAL PEER REVIEWFACULTY MEMBERSFEDERAL UNIVERSITIESFUNDAMENTAL RESEARCHGRADUATE EDUCATIONGROSS ENROLLMENT RATEHARD SCIENCESHIGHER EDUCATIONHIGHER EDUCATION ENROLLMENTHIGHER EDUCATION PROGRAMSHIGHER EDUCATION SECTORHIGHLY SKILLED LABORHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN CAPITAL FORMATIONHUMAN DEVELOPMENTHUMAN RESOURCESINSTITUTIONAL ACCREDITATIONINSTRUCTIONINTELLECTUAL PROPERTYINTELLECTUAL PROPERTY REGULATIONSKNOWLEDGE BASEKNOWLEDGE PRODUCTIONKNOWLEDGE WORKERSLABOR MARKET NEEDSLABORATORY EQUIPMENTLEARNINGLEARNING OUTCOMESLIFE SCIENCESLOCAL UNIVERSITIESMARKETINGMATERIALS SCIENCEMINISTRY OF EDUCATIONNATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEMSNEW TECHNOLOGIESPAPERSPEDAGOGICAL APPROACHESPEER REVIEWPERFORMANCE INDICATORSPRIVATE HIGHER EDUCATIONPRIVATE SECTORPRIVATE UNIVERSITIESPROFESSIONAL EDUCATIONPROFESSORSPUBLIC UNIVERSITIESQUALITY ASSURANCEQUALITY OF HIGHER EDUCATIONR&DRESEARCHRESEARCH CAPACITYRESEARCH CENTERSRESEARCH COLLABORATIONRESEARCH FUNDINGRESEARCH GRANTSRESEARCH INSTITUTESRESEARCH INSTITUTIONSRESEARCH LABORATORIESRESEARCH OUTPUTRESEARCH PARTNERSHIPSRESEARCH RESULTSRESEARCHERSSALARY INCREASESSCHOLARSSCHOLARSHIPSSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYSCIENCE PARKSSCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONSSCIENTISTSSECONDARY EDUCATIONSKILL LEVELSSKILLED HUMAN CAPITALSKILLED WORKERSSUBJECT KNOWLEDGETEACHERTEACHINGTECHNICAL ASSISTANCETECHNOLOGY TRANSFERTERTIARY EDUCATIONTERTIARY ENROLLMENTTERTIARY GRADUATESTERTIARY INSTITUTIONSTRAINING INSTITUTIONSTUITIONUNDERGRADUATE EDUCATIONUNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMSUNIVERSITIESUNIVERSITY EDUCATIONUNIVERSITY GOVERNANCEUNIVERSITY GOVERNANCE STRUCTURESUNIVERSITY GRADUATESUNIVERSITY LEADERSUNIVERSITY MODELUNIVERSITY PROFESSORSUNIVERSITY RESEARCHUNIVERSITY TRAININGWORK FORCEWORKERSWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-4002