World Bank2012-06-112012-06-112007-06https://hdl.handle.net/10986/7628Countries that invest heavily and effectively in education and skills to produce information and knowledge will benefit economically and socially. The European Union (EU) has set the goal to make Europe the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world. Turkey, in its Ninth Development Plan, aims to increase educational attainment and develop a lifelong education strategy to meet the requirements of a changing and developing economy and labor market. To meet the EU goal and the Turkey goal requires education systems that are more flexible, more effective and more easily accessible to a wider range of people. Education and skill levels in Turkey lag behind international standards, including the European Union. As highlighted in figures and discussion in a later section of the paper on access and equity, results of international tests show poor performance for many students in Turkey and participation in secondary education, as well as tertiary education, is low by international standards. Significant disparities also exist in educational quality and access by gender, social and economic group, and geographic location.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACADEMIC CREDITSACADEMIC EXCELLENCEACADEMIC PERFORMANCEACADEMIC YEARACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATIONACCESS TO TERTIARY EDUCATIONACCREDITATIONACHIEVEMENTACHIEVEMENTSBACKGROUND PAPERSEXCHANGE RATEEXPENDITURESFACULTIESFIELDS OF STUDYFORMAL EDUCATIONGENDER GAPGENERIC SKILLSGIRLSGRADUATE STUDENTSGRADUATE UNEMPLOYMENTGRADUATES WITH SKILLSGRADUATION RATESGROSS ENROLLMENTGROSS ENROLLMENT RATEHIGH SCHOOLHIGH SCHOOL GRADUATESHIGH SCHOOL STUDENTSHIGHER EDUCATIONHIGHER EDUCATION ENROLLMENTHIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONSHIGHER EDUCATION SECTORHIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEMHIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEMSHIGHER ENROLLMENTHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN DEVELOPMENTIMPACT OF EDUCATIONINSTITUTIONAL AUTONOMYINSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATIONINSTRUCTIONINTERNATIONAL HIGHER EDUCATIONINTERNSHIPSINVESTMENT CLIMATEINVESTMENT IN EDUCATIONKNOWLEDGE ECONOMYKNOWLEDGE SOCIETIESLABOR FORCELABOR MARKET DEMANDLABOR MARKET NEEDSLABOR MARKETSLANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTIONLEARNINGLEVEL OF EDUCATIONLEVELS OF EDUCATIONLIFELONG EDUCATIONLOWER LEVELS OF EDUCATIONMASS HIGHER EDUCATIONMINISTRY OF EDUCATIONMOBILITYNATIONAL EDUCATIONNATIONAL UNIVERSITYNET ENROLLMENTNET ENROLLMENT RATENEW UNIVERSITIESNONACADEMIC STAFFNUMBER OF STUDENTSOCCUPATIONSOPEN UNIVERSITIESOPEN UNIVERSITYPAPERSPERFORMANCE INDICATORSPOLYTECHNICSPOSTGRADUATE EDUCATIONPRIMARY EDUCATIONPRIMARY SCHOOLPRIMARY SCHOOL EDUCATIONPRIVATE HIGHER EDUCATIONPRIVATE INSTITUTIONSPRIVATE TUTORINGPROBLEM SOLVINGPROFESSORSPROFICIENCYPUBLIC FUNDSPUBLIC UNIVERSITIESQUALITY ASSURANCEQUALITY EDUCATIONQUALITY HIGHER EDUCATIONQUALITY OF EDUCATIONQUALITY OF HIGHER EDUCATIONQUALITY OF TEACHINGQUALITY TEACHINGRATE OF EXPANSIONRATES OF RETURNREGIONAL TECHNICAL COLLEGESREMEDIAL EDUCATIONREPEATERSRESEARCH INSTITUTIONSRESEARCH UNIVERSITIESRESEARCH UNIVERSITYRESEARCHERSRETURNS TO EDUCATIONSCHOLARSHIPSSCHOOL ACHIEVEMENTSSCHOOL CURRICULASCHOOL EDUCATIONSCHOOL ENROLLMENTSCHOOL ORGANIZATIONSCHOOL STUDIESSCHOOL SYSTEMSCHOOLINGSCHOOLSSECONDARY EDUCATIONSECONDARY SCHOOLSECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTSSKILL LEVELSSKILLED LABORSOCIAL SKILLSSTUDENT AIDSTUDENT ASSESSMENTSTUDENT ENROLLMENTSTUDENT FEESSTUDENT LOANSTUDENT LOAN PROGRAMSSTUDENT LOANSSTUDENT PLACEMENTSTUDENT POPULATIONTECHNICAL ASSISTANCETECHNICAL EDUCATIONTECHNICAL FIELDSTECHNICAL INSTITUTESTERTIARY EDUCATIONTERTIARY EDUCATION FINANCINGTERTIARY EDUCATION INSTITUTIONSTERTIARY EDUCATION SPENDINGTERTIARY ENROLLMENTTERTIARY ENROLLMENTSTERTIARY INSTITUTIONSTERTIARY LEVELTRADITIONAL UNIVERSITIESTUITIONTUITION FEESTUTORINGUNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMSUNEMPLOYMENT RATEUNEMPLOYMENT RATESUNEQUAL ACCESSUNIVERSITIESUNIVERSITY ENTRANCEUNIVERSITY GRADUATESUNIVERSITY RESEARCHUNIVERSITY STUDENTSVOCATIONAL COLLEGESVOCATIONAL SCHOOLVOCATIONAL SCHOOLSWORKERSYOUTH POPULATIONWorld Bank10.1596/7628