Zhang, Fan2013-04-122013-04-122013-03https://hdl.handle.net/10986/13189The aggregate manufacturing energy intensity of 28 countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia had declined by 35 percent during 1998-2008. This study reveals strong evidence of convergence: less efficient countries improved more rapidly and the cross-country variance in energy productivity narrowed over time. An index decomposition analysis indicates that energy intensities declined largely because of more efficient energy use rather than shifts from energy intensive to less intensive manufacturing activities. Income growth and energy price increases were the main drivers of the convergence. They dominated the impact of trade, which led to specialization in energy intensive industries.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOABUNDANT ENERGYAPPROACHAVAILABILITYCAPACITY UTILIZATIONCAPITAL STOCKSCARBONCARBON DIOXIDECEMENTCEMENT INDUSTRYCEMENT PRODUCTIONCHANGES IN ENERGY INTENSITYCLIMATECLIMATE ZONECONSUMER DEMANDCOOLINGDECLINING ENERGY INTENSITYDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICSDIESELECOLOGICAL ECONOMICSECONOMIC BENEFITSECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC RECOVERYEFFICIENCY GAINSEFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTEFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTSEFFICIENT ENERGY USEELECTRIC POWERELECTRICITY PRICESEMISSIONSENERGY CONSUMPTIONENERGY COSTSENERGY DEMANDENERGY ECONOMICSENERGY EFFICIENCYENERGY EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIESENERGY INPUTENERGY INTENSIVEENERGY LOSSESENERGY POLICIESENERGY POLICYENERGY PRICEENERGY PRICESENERGY REQUIREMENTENERGY RESOURCESENERGY SAVINGSENERGY SUBSIDIESENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTEXCHANGE RATEFERROUS METALSFINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTIONFINANCIAL CRISISFOSSILFOSSIL FUELSFUELGASGAS PRICESGASOLINEGENERATIONGROWTH IN DEMANDHIGH ENERGY INTENSITYHIGHER ENERGY PRICESIMPROVEMENTS IN ENERGY EFFICIENCYIMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCYINCOMEINCREASING ENERGY EFFICIENCYINDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIESINDUSTRIAL ELECTRICITY PRICEINTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCYMEMBER STATESMONETARY FUNDOILOIL EQUIVALENTOXYGENPER CAPITA INCOMEPETROLEUMPOLICY IMPLICATIONSPOWERPRICE ELASTICITIESPRICE ELASTICITYPRICE OF ELECTRICITYPRIMARY ENERGYPRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTIONPRODUCER PRICEPRODUCTION LEVELSRATIONAL USE OF ENERGYRAW MATERIALREDUCING ENERGY USEREFINED PETROLEUM PRODUCTSRESIDENTIAL ENERGYSUBSTITUTIONTOTAL COSTSTOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTIONWOOD PRODUCTSWORLD ENERGYWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-6387