Griebenow, GonzaloKishore, Sunanda2014-05-222014-05-222009-06https://hdl.handle.net/10986/18380Poverty reduction strategies (PRSs) provide a central framework for macroeconomic, structural, and social policies in developing countries. Because of the numerous and complex links between environment and poverty, it is important that environmental issues are taken into account in the PRS process. This paper follows six previous assessments of the degree of mainstreaming environment in the PRS process using a similar methodology to present trends and provide an understanding of the effectiveness of environmental interventions in reducing poverty. However, it goes beyond previous assessments in three important ways. In-depth country case studies of the evolution of environmental mainstreaming in the PRS process over time. Many countries have now gone through several iterations of their poverty reduction strategies and have received a sequence of credits designed to implement key aspects of these strategies, making it possible to see how the process of mainstreaming environment in the strategies has evolved over time. In this assessment, the authors conduct detailed case studies of this evolution in Ghana, Albania, Bangladesh, and Vietnam. The choice of countries was based on the maturity of each country's PRS process, taking into consideration country size, lending volume, and vulnerability to climate change. An assessment of climate change mainstreaming in the PRS process in the same four countries. Like environment as a whole, the potential impacts of climate change have often been considered separately, if at all rather than as an integral part of development policies. An evaluation of environmental development policy loans (DPLs) in several middle income countries (Brazil, Gabon, and Mexico). DPLs represent an important opportunity to mainstream environment and climate change into middle-income countries' growth and development. This review assesses the process by which environmental DPLs have been prepared and the effectiveness with which they have been implemented.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOAFFORESTATIONAFFORESTATION PROJECTSAGENDA 21AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIESAGRICULTURAL LANDAGRICULTURAL SYSTEMSAGRICULTUREAIRAIR POLLUTIONAIR QUALITYALTERNATIVE ENERGYALTITUDEBIODIVERSITYBIODIVERSITY CONSERVATIONBIOGASBUFFER ZONESCALCULATIONCARBONCARBON CREDITSCARBON MARKETSCARBON OFFSETSCARBON SINKSCARBON TAXCARBON TRADINGCASE STUDIESCENTRAL PLANNINGCLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISMCLEAN ENERGYCLEAN FUELSCLEAN TECHNOLOGIESCLIMATECLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTSCLIMATE CHANGE ISSUESCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATIONCLIMATE CHANGE POLICIESCLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITYCLIMATE CHANGESCLIMATE VARIABILITYCLIMATIC PARAMETERSCLIMATIC VARIABILITYCOALCOAL MININGCOASTAL AREASCONSERVATIONCONSTRUCTIONCONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGECONVERGENCECROP PRODUCTIONCROPSCYCLONESDAMSDECISION MAKINGDEFORESTATIONDEGRADED FORESTDESERTIFICATIONDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCEDEVELOPMENT PLANSDEVELOPMENT POLICIESDEVELOPMENT POLICYDISCHARGEDIVERGENCEDRINKING WATERDROUGHTECONOMIC ANALYSISECONOMIC FACTORSECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC POLICIESECOSYSTEMECOSYSTEMSELECTRIC POWERELECTRICITYEMISSIONEMISSION REDUCTIONSEMISSIONSENERGY EFFICIENCYENERGY INFRASTRUCTUREENERGY POLICYENERGY SOURCESENERGY USEENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONSENVIRONMENTAL DECISIONSENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICSENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATIONENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENTENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGIESENVIRONMENTAL POLICIESENVIRONMENTAL POLICYENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMSENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCESENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITYEROSIONEXTREME CLIMATIC EVENTSEXTREME DROUGHTEXTREME EVENTSEXTREME WEATHEREXTREME WEATHER EVENTSFARMSFERTILIZERSFINANCIAL POLICIESFINANCIAL RESOURCESFISHERIESFISHINGFLOOD PROTECTIONFLOODINGFLOODSFORESTFOREST AREASFOREST COVERFOREST COVERAGEFOREST LANDSFOREST MANAGEMENTFOREST POLICYFOREST PROTECTIONFOREST RESOURCESFORESTRYFORESTRY SECTORFORESTSFOSSIL FUELSGHGSGLACIERSGLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGEGLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACILITYGLOBAL WARMINGGREENHOUSEGREENHOUSE EFFECTGREENHOUSE GASGREENHOUSE GASESGREENHOUSE WARMINGGROSS NATIONAL INCOMEHOUSINGHURRICANESICE CAPSICE SHEETSIMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGEINCANDESCENT BULBSINDUSTRIAL POLLUTIONINDUSTRIAL WASTESINVASIVE SPECIESIPCCJOBSLAND AREALAND COVERLAND DEGRADATIONLAND MANAGEMENTLAND OWNERSHIPLAND USELAND USE CHANGELANDFILLSLOGGINGMANGROVE FORESTSMILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALMILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALSMITIGATIONMONETARY FUNDMOUNTAIN GLACIERSNATIONAL INCOMENATURAL CAPITALNATURAL DISASTERSNATURAL RESOURCENATURAL RESOURCESNUTRIENT CYCLINGOCEAN WATEROVERGRAZINGPARTICIPATORY PROCESSPASTURESPETROLEUMPLANTATIONPOLAR ICEPOLICY INSTRUMENTSPOLLUTIONPOPULATION DENSITIESPORTFOLIOPOWER GENERATIONPRECIPITATIONPROGRESSPROPERTY RIGHTSPUBLIC EDUCATIONPUBLIC LANDSPUBLIC PARTICIPATIONRAINRAINFALLRAINFALL VARIABILITYRANGESRATES OF DEFORESTATIONRENEWABLE ENERGYRESERVOIRSRESIDENTIAL HOUSINGRESILIENCE TO CLIMATE CHANGERESOURCE MANAGEMENTRESPECTRESTORATIONRIVERRUNOFFRURAL COMMUNITIESSALINITYSANDSEA LEVEL RISESOCIAL POLICIESSOIL DEGRADATIONSOILSSPECIESSTRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENTSUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURESUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTSUSTAINABLE GROWTHSUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENTSUSTAINABLE RESOURCE USESUSTAINABLE USE OF FORESTTECHNICAL ASSISTANCETEMPERATURETIMBERTOXIC SUBSTANCESWASTE MANAGEMENTWATER POLLUTIONWATER PRICINGWATER QUALITYWATERSHEDWATERSHED MANAGEMENTWAVESWETLANDSWILDLIFEWIND10.1596/18380