Pandey, PriyankaGoyal, Sangeeta2014-04-222014-04-222009-11https://hdl.handle.net/10986/17961In this paper authors use non-experimental data from government schools in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, two of the largest Indian states, to present average school outcomes by contract status of teachers. The authors find that after controlling for teacher characteristics and school fixed effects, contract teachers are associated with higher effort than civil service teachers with permanent tenures. Higher teacher effort is associated with better student performance after controlling for other school inputs and student characteristics. Given that salaries earned by contract teachers are one fourth or less of civil service teachers, contract teachers may be a more cost-effective resource. However, contracts 'as they are' appear weak. Not only do contract teachers have fairly low average effort in absolute terms, but those who have been on the job for at least one full tenure have lower effort than others who are in the first contract period.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOATTENDANCE RATESBASIC EDUCATIONBLACKBOARDSCIVIL SERVICECIVIL SERVICE TEACHERSCLASS SIZECLASSROOMCOLLEGE DEGREECOMMUNITY TEACHERSCURRICULUMDISTRICT EDUCATIONEDUCATION LEVELSEDUCATION QUALITYEDUCATION SECTOREDUCATION SYSTEMEDUCATIONAL OUTCOMESELEMENTARY EDUCATIONEMPLOYMENTENROLLMENTEXAMFORMAL SCHOOLSFORMAL TRAININGGOVERNMENT PRIMARY SCHOOLSGRADE % TEACHERSGRADE TEACHINGHUMAN DEVELOPMENTIN SERVICE TRAININGINTERVENTIONSLEARNINGLEARNING ACHIEVEMENTSLEARNING OUTCOMESLITERACYLITERACY RATELITERATURELOCAL TEACHERSMALE TEACHERSMATH SCORESMATH TEACHERMATH TESTMATHEMATICSOUT-OF-SCHOOL CHILDRENPAPERSPEDAGOGICAL TRAININGPERMANENT TENUREPOST-SECONDARY EDUCATIONPRESERVICE TRAININGPRIMARY EDUCATIONPRIMARY GRADESPRIMARY SCHOOLPRIMARY SCHOOLSPRIVATE SCHOOLSPROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONSPROFESSIONAL TEACHERSPROFESSIONAL TRAININGPUBLIC EDUCATIONPUBLIC SCHOOLSPUPIL-TEACHER RATIOQUALIFIED TEACHERSREADINGREGULAR TEACHERREGULAR TEACHERSRESEARCHERSSCHOOL % CONTRACTSCHOOL ADMINISTRATORSSCHOOL CERTIFICATESCHOOL CHILDRENSCHOOL ENROLMENTSSCHOOL FACILITIESSCHOOL INFRASTRUCTURESCHOOL LEVELSCHOOL SYSTEMSCHOOL YEARSCHOOLSSECONDARY SCHOOLSERVICE TRAININGSTUDENT CHARACTERISTICSSTUDENT LEARNINGSTUDENT OUTCOMESSTUDENT PERFORMANCESUBJECT MATTERSUBJECT MATTER KNOWLEDGESUBJECTSTEACHERTEACHER CHARACTERISTICSTEACHER PERFORMANCETEACHER PUPIL RATIOTEACHER QUALITYTEACHER SALARIESTEACHER SHORTAGESTEACHER TRAININGTEACHER-PUPIL RATIOTEACHERSTEACHINGTEACHING ACTIVITYTEACHING EXPERIENCETEACHING FORCETEST SCORESVILLAGE EDUCATIONVILLAGE EDUCATION COMMITTEEWRITING SKILLS10.1596/17961