Sander, KlasCranford, Matthew2017-06-282017-06-282010-12-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/27443Current international financing (primarily ODA) for environmental services in developing countries is very roughly estimated to be upwards of $21 billion annually (not including climate change financing), but additional resources on the order of tens, if not hundreds, of billions of dollars are needed. In 2009, environmental ODA was estimated at $18 billion with a few billion more delivered through philanthropic and market-based financing channels. Although there are only a few studies of the additional financing needed, and those are relatively narrow in scope, the estimates that are available clearly indicate that significantly higher levels of finance still need to be reached. Additionally, the impacts of environmental finance on environmental sustainability and development objectives are poorly understood. Systematic reviews of previous experience, and standardized monitoring in the future, would support the countries and projects monitored, while also providing important lessons for the broader development and environment communities.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICESADMINISTRATIVE COSTSADVERSE SELECTIONAGRICULTURAL COMMODITIESAIR POLLUTIONASYMMETRIC INFORMATIONAUCTIONSAUDITINGAUTONOMYBENEFICIARYBIOLOGICAL DIVERSITYBONDBORROWINGCAPACITY BUILDINGCAPITALIZATIONCARBONCARBON TAXESCASH INFLOWSCLIMATE CHANGECOMPLIANCE COSTSCONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKCONSERVATION FINANCECONSUMPTION PATTERNSCONTRACT DESIGNCREDIT ANALYSISCREDIT ENHANCEMENTCREDIT EXTENSIONCURRENCYCURRENCY RISKDEBTDEBT INSTRUMENTSDEBT INVESTMENTDECISION MAKINGDEFORESTATIONDERIVATIVEDEVELOPED COUNTRIESDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCEDEVELOPMENT BANKSDEVELOPMENT FINANCEDIFFERENTIAL TAXATIONDISBURSEMENTDISCOUNT RATESDIVERSIFICATIONDONOR SUPPORTECOLOGICAL ECONOMICSECOLOGYECONOMIC CONDITIONSECONOMIC DECISIONECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC EFFICIENCYECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC INCENTIVESECONOMIC REFORMSECONOMIC SYSTEMECONOMIC VALUEECONOMICSEMISSIONSENDANGERED SPECIESENERGY EFFICIENCYENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATIONENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATIONENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICSENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMISTSENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATIONENVIRONMENTAL GOODSENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTSENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCEENVIRONMENTAL POLICYENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONSENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCESENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITYENVIRONMENTAL TAXESENVIRONMENTAL VALUATIONEVALUATION CRITERIAEXPENDITUREEXTERNALITIESFACILITATIONFINANCE MINISTRIESFINANCESFINANCIAL COSTSFINANCIAL EXPERTISEFINANCIAL FLOWSFINANCIAL INSTRUMENTSFINANCIAL MANAGEMENTFINANCIAL PERFORMANCEFINANCIAL PRODUCTSFINANCIAL RESOURCESFINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITYFINANCIAL STRUCTUREFINANCIAL TRANSFERSFINANCING SOURCESFISCAL MANAGEMENTFISCAL POLICYFISCAL REFORMFISHERIESFIXED INCOMEFOREST MANAGEMENTFORESTRYFUNDING SOURCEGLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGEGOVERNMENT FUNDINGGOVERNMENT POLICYGOVERNMENT SPENDINGGROUP LENDINGHOUSEHOLD INCOMESHOUSEHOLDSHUMAN CAPITALINITIAL INVESTMENTINSTITUTIONAL CAPACITYINSTRUMENTINSURANCEINTERNATIONAL DEBATEINTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTINTERNATIONAL FINANCEINVESTINGINVESTMENT FUNDSINVESTMENT INCOMEINVESTMENT OPPORTUNITYINVESTMENT STRATEGYLAND MANAGEMENTLANDOWNERLEVYLOANMACROECONOMIC POLICIESMARKET ACCESSMARKET CONDITIONSMARKET DEVELOPMENTMARKET MECHANISMSMFISMICRO-LENDINGMICROCREDITMICROFINANCEMICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONSMINISTRIES OF FINANCEMONETARY FUNDMORAL HAZARDNATIONAL GOVERNMENTSNATURAL CAPITALNATURAL RESOURCESNEGATIVE EXTERNALITIESNET PROFITNON-USE VALUESOPPORTUNITY COSTSPERPETUITYPLEDGESPOLICY INSTRUMENTSPOLITICAL ECONOMYPOLLUTION CONTROLPORTFOLIOPRICE FLOORPRIORITY LENDINGPRIVATE FINANCEPRIVATE FINANCINGPRIVATE INVESTMENTPRIVATE INVESTORSPRIVATE SECTORPRIVATE SECTOR FINANCEPRIVATE SECTOR FINANCINGPRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENTPROVISIONINGPUBLICPUBLIC FUNDSPUBLIC GOODPUBLIC REVENUESPUBLIC SECTORPUBLIC SECTOR REFORMPUBLIC SPENDINGPUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPSREDUCING EMISSIONSREPAYMENTRESOURCE MANAGEMENTRESOURCE MOBILIZATIONRETURNSREVENUE COLLECTIONREVENUE SOURCESRISK MANAGEMENTRISK MITIGATIONSAVINGSSEED FUNDINGSOCIAL CAPITALSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTSOURCE OF FUNDSSOURCES OF FINANCESTART-UPSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTSUSTAINABLE FORESTRYSUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENTSUSTAINABLE USESWAPSTAXTRADABLE PERMITSTRADINGTRANSACTIONTRANSFER PAYMENTSTREASURYTRUST FUNDUSE VALUEUSER FEESUTILITIESWATER USEWEALTH CREATIONWELFARE GAINSWETLANDSWorking PaperWorld Bank10.1596/27443