Patrinos, Harry AnthonySkoufias, Emmanuel2012-06-142012-06-142007https://hdl.handle.net/10986/8019Indigenous peoples make up less than 5 percent of the world's population, yet comprise 15 percent of the world's poor. The indigenous population of Latin America is estimated at 28 million. Despite significant changes in poverty overall, the proportion of indigenous peoples in the region living in poverty - at almost 80 percent - did not change much from the early 1990s to the early 2000s. Economic Opportunities for Indigenous Peoples in Latin America moves beyond earlier work which focused primarily on human development, and looks at the distribution and returns to income generating assets - physical and human capital, public assets and social capital - and the affect these have on income generation strategies. Low income and low assets are mutually reinforcing. Low education levels translate into low income, resulting in poor health and reduced schooling of future generations. Low assets not only reduce the ability to generate income, they also hinder the capacity to insure against shocks, thus increasing vulnerability. This is especially true when coupled with missing credit and insurance markets. There are significant complementarities across assets, which imply that the returns to one asset depend on access to another. These synergies between assets accumulate the disadvantages of the asset-poor in terms of returns to income-generating activities. They also dictate policies that facilitate access not only to one key productive asset, such as land, but also to complementary assets, such as training and infrastructure, which affect the returns to land.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCULTURATIONAGRICULTURAL SECTORAGRICULTURAL WORKERSAGRICULTUREANTI-POVERTYBASIC NEEDSCAPITAL THEORYCAPITALIZATIONCITIESCOLONIALISMCULTURAL DIFFERENCESDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDISCRIMINATIONDISEQUILIBRIUMDISSEMINATIONDRUGSDUAL ECONOMYEARNING ASSETSECONOMIC CONDITIONSECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIESECONOMIC OPPORTUNITYECONOMIC OUTCOMESECONOMIC STATUSECONOMIC THEORYEDUCATIONEMPLOYMENTEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESETHNIC RELATIONSEXPORTSEXTERNALITIESFAMILY INCOMEFAMILY MEMBERSFAMILY RESOURCESFARMERSFORMAL EDUCATIONFUTURE GENERATIONSFUTURE RESEARCHHEALTHHEALTH INSURANCEHEALTH SERVICESHIGHER INCIDENCE OF POVERTYHOUSEHOLD SURVEYHOUSEHOLD SURVEYSHOUSINGHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN DEVELOPMENTHUMAN RIGHTSIDENTITYILLNESSIMMIGRANTSINCIDENCE OF POVERTYINCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIESINDIGENOUS GROUPSINDIGENOUS PEOPLEINDIGENOUS PEOPLESINDIGENOUS POPULATIONSINEFFICIENCYINEQUALITYINSURANCE MARKETSINTEREST RATESINTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATIONINTERNATIONAL LAWKINSHIPKINSHIP NETWORKSLABOR FORCELABOR MARKETLACK OF CREDITLACK OF INFRASTRUCTURELAND ASSETSLAND OWNERSHIPLAND RIGHTSLAND TITLINGLANDHOLDINGSLAWSLEVEL OF EDUCATIONLEVELS OF EDUCATIONLIVING CONDITIONSLIVING STANDARDSMARGINAL VALUEMIGRANTMIGRATIONMILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALSMOTHERMULTIPLIER EFFECTSNORMSNUTRITIONPOORPOOR HEALTHPOOR HOUSEHOLDSPOOR INFRASTRUCTUREPOSITIVE EFFECTSPOVERTY GAPPOVERTY PROGRAMSPOVERTY RATESPOVERTY REDUCTIONPRIVATE PROPERTYPRODUCT MARKETSPRODUCTIVITYPROGRESSPROPERTY RIGHTSPUBLIC POLICYPUBLIC SERVICESQUALITY OF EDUCATIONREMITTANCESROLE MODELSRUNNING WATERRURALRURAL AREASRURAL COMMUNITIESRURAL ORGANIZATIONSRURAL ROADSSANITATIONSCHOOL ATTENDANCESCHOOL STUDENTSSELF-CONFIDENCESERVICE PROVIDERSKILLED WORKERSSMALLHOLDERSSOCIAL ASSISTANCESOCIAL INTERACTIONSSOCIAL MOBILITYSOCIAL NETWORKSSOCIAL PRESSURESOCIAL SPENDINGSOCIETIESSOCIETYSPILLOVERSUSTAINABLE RESOURCE MANAGEMENTTECHNICAL ASSISTANCETRADITIONAL PRACTICESTRADITIONAL VALUESTRANSPORTATIONURBAN AREASURBAN ENVIRONMENTSVULNERABILITYWAGE DISCRIMINATIONWAGESWEALTHWORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATIONYOUNG CHILDRENWorld Bank10.1596/8019