Hoekman, Bernard2013-09-092013-09-092002-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/15749Despite recurring rounds of trade liberalization, under the auspices of the World Trade Organization (and its predecessor, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, or GATT). Complemented by unilateral reforms, many developing countries have not been able to integrate into the world economy. The author argues that from the perspective of the poorest countries, a multi-pronged strategy is required to strengthen the global trading system. Moreover, much of the agenda must be addressed outside the WTO. The most important contribution the WTO can make to development, is to improve market access conditions - for goods and services - and ensure that trade rules are useful to developing countries. Enhancing trade capacity requires concerted action outside the WTO ("aid for trade") as well as unilateral actions by both industrial, and developing countries to reduce anti-trade biases.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOTRADE LIBERALIZATIONWORLD TRADE ORGANIZATIONROUNDTABLE ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE & FINANCEGENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS & TRADEREFORM POLICYDEVELOPING COUNTRIESECONOMIC INTEGRATIONINTERNATIONAL TRADEMARKET ACCESSTRADE STRUCTUREREGULATORY FRAMEWORKTRADE FACILITATION ACCESS TO INFORMATIONADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURESAGREEMENT ON TRADEAGRICULTURAL COMMODITIESAGRICULTURAL EXPORTERSAGRICULTUREANTIDUMPINGAPPARELBILATERAL INVESTMENTBILATERAL INVESTMENT TREATIESBINDING DISPUTE SETTLEMENTBORDER POLICIESCAPACITY BUILDINGCARTELSCHILD LABORCIVIL SOCIETYCOMPETITION LAWCOMPETITION LEGISLATIONCOMPETITION POLICIESCOMPETITION POLICYCOMPETITIVENESSCONCESSIONSCONSUMER PROTECTIONCONSUMERSCONTINGENT PROTECTIONCOUNTRY EXPORTERSCUSTOMSCUSTOMS CLEARANCECUSTOMS VALUATIONDEVELOPED COUNTRIESDEVELOPING COUNTRYDEVELOPMENT AGENCIESDEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCEDEVELOPMENT STRATEGIESDEVELOPMENT STRATEGYDOMESTIC POLICY FORMATION PROCESSDOMESTIC REFORMSDOMESTIC REGULATIONDOMESTIC REGULATORY POLICIESDONOR ASSISTANCEDUTY-FREE ACCESSECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC POLICYECONOMIC POWERECONOMISTSEMPLOYMENTENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESENVIRONMENTAL POLICIESEXPANDING TRADEEXPLOITATIONEXPORT CARTELSEXPORT MARKETSEXPORT REVENUEEXPORTSFINANCIAL ASSISTANCEFINANCIAL SUPPORTFISHFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTFOREIGN EXCHANGEFOREIGN TRADEFREE ACCESSGLOBAL NORMSGLOBAL TRADEGLOBAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONSGLOBAL TRADINGHARMONIZATIONHIGH TARIFFSIMPORTSIMPROVING MARKET ACCESSINCOMEINCOME DEVELOPING COUNTRIESINDIVIDUAL COUNTRIESINTELLECTUAL PROPERTYINTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSINTEREST GROUPSINTERNATIONAL COOPERATIONINTERNATIONAL ECONOMICSINTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONSINTERNATIONAL NORMSINTERNATIONAL SPILLOVERSINTERNATIONAL STANDARDSINVESTMENT CLIMATEINVESTMENT INCENTIVESINVESTMENT TREATIESITCLDCSLEGAL REGIMESLEGISLATIONLIBERALIZATION OF TRADELOW- INCOME COUNTRIESLOW-INCOME COUNTRIESLOW-INCOME ECONOMIESMARKET ACCESSMARKET POWERMULTILATERAL AGREEMENTSMULTILATERAL COOPERATIONMULTILATERAL NEGOTIATIONSMULTILATERAL RULESMULTILATERAL TALKSNATIONAL EFFORTSNATIONAL PRODUCTNEGOTIATING AGENDANEGOTIATING POSITIONSNONTARIFF BARRIERSOILOPENNESSPARTNER COUNTRIESPATENTSPOLICY CHANGESPOLICY OPTIONSPOLICY RESEARCHPOLITICAL ECONOMYPOOR CHILDRENPOOR COUNTRIESPOVERTY ALLEVIATIONPOVERTY REDUCTIONPOVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGYPRIMARY EDUCATIONPRIVATE SECTORPRODUCT STANDARDSPROPERTY RIGHTSPROTECTIONIST PRESSURESQUOTASRECIPROCAL REDUCTIONRECIPROCITYREDUCING TRADE BARRIERSREDUCING TRANSACTIONS COSTSREDUCTION OF BARRIERSREGIONAL INTEGRATIONREGIONAL INTEGRATION AGREEMENTSREGIONAL INTEGRATION ARRANGEMENTSREGULATORY AREASREGULATORY ISSUESREGULATORY POLICYREGULATORY REFORMREGULATORY REGIMESRELATIVE IMPORTANCERESEARCH INSTITUTESRESOURCE CONSTRAINTSRISK AVERSESAFETY NETSSAFETY STANDARDSSERVICE SECTORSOCIAL RIGHTSTARIFF BARRIERSTARIFF LIBERALIZATIONTARIFF NEGOTIATIONSTARIFF RATESTARIFF REVENUETECHNICAL ASSISTANCETIME FRAMETRADE BARRIERSTRADE CAPACITYTRADE LIBERALIZATIONTRADE LOGISTICSTRADE NEGOTIATIONSTRADE POLICYTRADE POLICY REVIEWTRADE REFORMTRADE REFORMSTRADE RULESTRADEOFFSTRADING PARTNERSTRADING SYSTEMTRANSACTIONS COSTSTRANSITION PERIODSTRANSPORT COSTSTRIPS AGREEMENTUNILATERAL ACTIONUNILATERAL REFORMSURUGUAY ROUNDVALUATIONVALUE OF TRADEWELFARE GAINSWORLD ECONOMYWORLD TRADEWORLD TRADE ORGANIZATIONWTOWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-2757