Briceno-Garmendia, Cecilia M.Shkaratan, Maria2012-03-192012-03-192011-03-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/3361In the past decade, infrastructure contributed 0.5 percentage points to Kenya's annual per capita GDP growth. Raising the country s infrastructure endowment to that of Africa's middle-income countries could increase that contribution by 3 percentage points. Several accomplishments are notable. More than 90 percent of the population has access to GSM cell signals. A successful public-private partnership in air transport has made Kenya's airline a top carrier in the region and its international airport a key gateway to Africa. Institutional reforms in the power sector have reduced the burden of subsidies on the public by approximately 1 percent of GDP. But the power sector continues to pose Kenya's greatest infrastructure challenge. Over the next decade, current capacity will have to double. A second challenge is to improve the efficiency of operations at the Port of Mombasa. Other concerns include low levels of access to household services, underfunding of road maintenance, and negative progress on the Millennium Development Goals for water supply and sanitation. Addressing Kenya's infrastructure deficit will require sustained expenditures of approximately $4 billion per year (20 percent of GDP) over the next decade. As of 2006, Kenya needed and additional $2.1 billion per year (11 percent of GDP) to meet that funding goal. The gap could be halved through the use of more efficient technologies to meet infrastructure targets in the transport and WSS sectors. If Kenya is unable to increase infrastructure spending, it could nevertheless meet infrastructure targets in 18 years by eliminating existing inefficiencies in infrastructure sectors.CC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO SERVICESACCESSIBILITYACCOUNTINGAIRAIR TRANSPORTAIRWAYSARTERYAVIATION SECTORBANDWIDTHBILL COLLECTIONBORDER CROSSINGSBOREHOLESBOTTLENECKSBUDGET EXECUTIONBULK CARGOCABLECAPITAL COSTSCAPITAL EXPENDITURECAPITAL INVESTMENTCARGOCARGO HANDLINGCARGO HANDLING CHARGECARRIERSCARSCATCHMENTCATCHMENT AREACOLLECTION OF BILLSCONCESSIONCONCESSIONSCONGESTIONCONTAINER BERTHSCONTAINER HANDLINGCONTAINER TERMINALSCORPORATE GOVERNANCECOST OF POWERCOST RECOVERYCOSTS OF POWERCOVERINGCUBIC METERCUBIC METERSDAMSDEFICITSDEMAND FOR POWERDISTRIBUTION LOSSESDOMESTIC AIR TRANSPORTDOMESTIC WATER CONSUMPTIONDRAINAGEECONOMIC GROWTHELECTRICITYEND USERSENGINEERINGFARESFINANCIAL BURDENFLOODSFREIGHTFREIGHT TRAFFICFREIGHT TRANSPORTFUELGENERATIONGENERATION CAPACITYGEOTHERMAL RESOURCESGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTGROWTH RATESHIGHWAYHOUSEHOLD BUDGETSHOUSEHOLDSHOUSINGINCOME DISTRIBUTIONINFRASTRUCTURE ASSETSINFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENTINFRASTRUCTURE FUNDINGINFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTINFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTSINFRASTRUCTURE PROVISIONINFRASTRUCTURE SERVICESINFRASTRUCTURE SPENDINGINTERNATIONAL AIRPORTINTERNATIONAL GATEWAYSINVESTMENT PROGRAMINVESTMENT TARGETSIRRIGATIONLANDLORD MODELLITERS PER CAPITA PER DAYLOCAL WATERLOCOMOTIVELOWER PRICESLOWER WATER LOSSESMAINTENANCE COSTSMAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTSMARGINAL COSTMONOPOLY PROFITMONTHLY WATER BILLNATIONAL BUDGETSO&MOPEN ACCESSOPERATIONAL EFFICIENCYOPERATIONAL IMPROVEMENTSOPERATIONAL PERFORMANCEPASSENGER TRAFFICPASSENGERSPERFORMANCE INDICATORSPIPED WATERPIPELINEPOPULATION DENSITYPORT OPERATIONSPORT SECTORPORT SERVICESPORTSPOWERPOWER SECTORPOWER SECTOR DEVELOPMENTPRESSUREPRICE REDUCTIONSPRIVATE FINANCINGPRIVATE OPERATORSPRIVATE PARTICIPATIONPRIVATE PROVIDERSPRIVATE SECTORPROVISION OF WATERPROVISIONSPUBLICPUBLIC EXPENDITUREPUBLIC INFRASTRUCTUREPUBLIC INVESTMENTPUBLIC PRIVATE INFRASTRUCTUREPUBLIC SECTORPUBLIC SECTOR INFORMATIONPUBLIC WORKSRAILRAIL COMPANYRAIL CORRIDORRAIL CORRIDORSRAIL NETWORKRAILWAYRAILWAYSREVENUE COLLECTIONROADROAD CONNECTIONSROAD MAINTENANCEROAD NETWORKROAD SECTORROAD TRAFFICROADSROUTERUNWAYRURAL WATERSAFETYSANITATIONSANITATION SECTORSANITATION UTILITIESSAVINGSSERVICE IMPROVEMENTSSERVICE PROVIDERSSEWAGE DISPOSALSLUMSSTORAGE CAPACITYSURFACE WATERTAXTELECOMMUNICATIONSTOWNTRAFFIC DENSITYTRAFFIC VOLUMESTRANSPORT INDUSTRYTRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURETRANSPORT MARKETTRANSPORT POLICYTRANSPORT QUALITYTRANSPORTATIONTRUCK PROCESSINGURBAN INFRASTRUCTUREURBAN ROADURBAN TRANSPORTURBAN WATERURBAN WATER SUPPLYUTILITY SERVICESWATER CHARGESWATER CONSUMPTIONWATER POLICYWATER RESOURCEWATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENTWATER RESOURCESWATER SCARCITYWATER SECTORWATER SERVICEWATER SERVICE PROVIDERSWATER SERVICESWATER SOURCEWATER STANDPOSTSWATER STORAGEWATER SUPPLYWATER TARIFFSWATER USAGEWATER USEWATER USERWATER UTILITIESWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-5596